评估地下水和地表水样本中 PFAS 浓度的潜在偏差

IF 1.8 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q3 WATER RESOURCES
Tom Wanzek, Hannah McIntyre, Elisabeth Hawley, Rula Deeb, Dorin Bogdan, Charles Shaefer, Bill DiGuiseppi, Amanda Struse, Trever Schwichtenberg, Jennifer Field
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引用次数: 0

摘要

全氟烷基和多氟烷基物质 (PFAS) 是一大类难降解的人为化合物,几十年来一直用于各种消费品和工业产品及工艺中。最近最终确定了两种 PFAS 的饮用水标准,浓度为每升低纳克。由于 PFAS 的广泛使用以及基于健康的阈值较低,我们进行了文献综述以及实验室和实地研究,以评估 PFAS 浓度偏差的几个潜在来源。含氟聚合物通常存在于实地采样过程中使用的设备、产品和材料中,有可能导致假阳性结果。实验室结果证实,多种现场常用材料中都含有 PFAS。不过,可以采用最佳实践来限制交叉污染的途径。实验室规定的保留时间和样品储存温度是有科学依据的,可以充分防止因采样容器吸附 PFAS 或某些 PFAS 部分降解形成其他 PFAS 而造成的偏差。众所周知,PFAS 还会在空气-水界面和其他界面积聚。实验室和实地研究结果表明,泡沫和表面微层中确实存在 PFAS 富集现象。不过,这种现象的影响在分析和空间取样的变化范围之内,因此不需要改变取样程序。研究结果被提炼成以科学为基础的实用建议,以便在 PFAS 取样过程中最大限度地减少偏差,同时避免不必要的成本和工作量。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Assessing Potential Bias in PFAS Concentrations in Groundwater and Surface Water Samples

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) encompass a large group of recalcitrant anthropogenic compounds that have been used in a variety of consumer and industrial products and processes over many decades. Drinking water standards were recently finalized for two PFAS at low nanogram per liter concentrations. Due to the widespread use of PFAS and low health-based thresholds, a literature review and laboratory and field studies were conducted to assess several potential sources of bias in PFAS concentrations. Fluoropolymers are commonly present in equipment, products, and materials used during field sampling, potentially leading to false positive results. Laboratory results confirmed the presence of PFAS in multiple commonly used field materials. However, best practices can be used to limit pathways for cross contamination. Laboratory-specified hold times and sample storage temperatures are scientifically founded and adequately prevent bias due to PFAS sorption to sampling containers or partial degradation of some PFAS to form others. PFAS are also known to accumulate at the air-water interface and other interfaces. Results from laboratory and field studies indicate that PFAS enrichment in foam and in the surface microlayer does occur. However, the effect of this phenomenon is within the range of analytical and spatial sampling variability and therefore a change in sampling procedures is not needed. Findings were distilled into science-based and practical recommendations to minimize bias during PFAS sampling without incurring unnecessary cost and effort.

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来源期刊
CiteScore
3.30
自引率
10.50%
发文量
60
审稿时长
>36 weeks
期刊介绍: Since its inception in 1981, Groundwater Monitoring & Remediation® has been a resource for researchers and practitioners in the field. It is a quarterly journal that offers the best in application oriented, peer-reviewed papers together with insightful articles from the practitioner''s perspective. Each issue features papers containing cutting-edge information on treatment technology, columns by industry experts, news briefs, and equipment news. GWMR plays a unique role in advancing the practice of the groundwater monitoring and remediation field by providing forward-thinking research with practical solutions.
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