奥运会:当血细胞比容不符合要求时,运动员并不一定是作弊。

IF 9 2区 医学 Q1 MEDICINE, GENERAL & INTERNAL
Nada Maaziz, Laurent Martin, Alexandre Marchand, Betty Gardie, François Girodon
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引用次数: 0

摘要

亲爱的编辑,在即将举行的奥运会期间,兴奋剂检测工作将十分激烈。在耐力运动中使用的经典兴奋剂产品中,红细胞生成素(EPO)药物是主要 EPO 激素的生物复制品,可大幅提高血红蛋白(Hb)浓度和血细胞比容(Ht),无论从其使用年代(自 20 世纪 80 年代起就可使用)还是使用频率(2022 年全球共发生 61 例兴奋剂案件)来看,它都是原创产品之一[1]。第一个基因突变是在埃罗-曼蒂兰塔(Eero Mäntyranta)身上发现的,他曾多次获得越野滑雪奥运冠军和世界冠军奖牌[2]。当时,还没有任何技术可用于识别使用 EPO 药物或输血的血液兴奋剂,而这种方法在本世纪初得到了验证[3]。在这里,我们报告了两例仅因 Hb 和 Ht 值过高而被取消资格的顶级运动员。这些运动员在被取消运动资格数年后才被发现是家族性多发性红细胞增多症的携带者,而这些多发性红细胞增多症与参与缺氧传感通路的基因中的功能测试致病突变有关,这凸显了在做出严重指控之前进行专业检测的重要性。他在 16 岁时申请进入体育高中学习,但由于 Hb 和 Ht 值偏高(表 1),他的申请被拒。主治医生怀疑他服用了兴奋剂,因此禁止他参加高中体育学习和比赛。18 年后,他的儿子被诊断出患有多发性红细胞增多症,提示为家族性红细胞增多症,并使用 NGS 测序技术对父子俩的样本进行了分析,该测序技术使用的基因面板专门用于研究多发性红细胞增多症。在这对父子及其他三名亲属中发现了 EPAS1 的致病突变(p.Asp525Gly),该突变与多发性红细胞增多症表型分离。EPAS1 基因编码缺氧诱导因子 HIF2α,当氧气浓度降低时,HIF2α 可调节 EPO 的表达。第二份病历涉及一名国家顶级跆拳道运动员,例行检查发现其 Ht 和 Hb 值偏高(表 1),最终被禁止参加比赛。十年后,患者的姐姐因绝对性特发性多发性红细胞症转诊到医院。考虑到妹妹的多发性红细胞症病史,对其缺氧调节基因进行了测序,结果发现 EGLN1 基因发生了致病性突变(p.Trp334Arg)。EGLN1 编码 PHD2 蛋白,该蛋白在 HIF2α 的降解过程中起主要作用。尽管这两份病例报告令人遗憾地强调了过去区分血液兴奋剂和非典型高白蛋白的困难,但它们也显示了科学的进步,尤其是基因分析,现在可以为不常见的病例带来答案。自 2009 年以来,对高水平运动员的血液学参数进行了纵向跟踪,高 Hb 不再与使用兴奋剂相混淆[4]。最近,在 EPO 基因中发现的单核苷酸多态性(c.577del)与亚洲运动员的非典型 EPO 特征有关,目前在得出使用兴奋剂的结论前已将其考虑在内[5]。EPOR 的种系突变是第一个被证明能提高运动成绩的与红细胞生成有关的突变。我们在此表明,与氧有关的基因 EGLN1/PHD2 和 EPAS1/HIF2A 也应被列入越来越多的影响运动成绩基因的名单中。我们认为,运动员的高 Hb 值或 Ht 值需要使用 NGS 测序和专门的基因小组进行检测,以确定与遗传性红细胞增多症有关的基因异常。Nada Maaziz和Betty Gardie负责基因分析。François Girodon、Nada Maaziz 和 Betty Gardie 撰写了手稿。劳伦特-马丁(Laurent Martin)和亚历山大-马尔尚(Alexandre Marchand)审阅了手稿。弗朗索瓦-吉罗东指导了这项研究。所有作者都参与了这项研究,并批准了最终手稿。作者声明与本研究工作无潜在利益冲突,本研究未获得任何外部资助。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Olympic Games: When the haematocrit does not fit, the athlete is not always a cheat

Dear Editor,

The upcoming Olympic Games will be accompanied by intense testing for doping, which is unfortunately not uncommon in top-level sporting circles. Among classic doping products used in endurance sports, erythropoietin (EPO) drug, the biological copy of the main EPO hormone responsible for substantial increases in haemoglobin (Hb) concentration and haematocrit (Ht), is one of the originals, both in terms of its age (available since the 1980s) and frequency of use (61 doping cases worldwide in 2022) [1].

The history of the Olympic Games is associated with the discovery of mutations in the EPO receptor gene, EPOR, in the 1990s. The first mutation was identified in Eero Mäntyranta, who won multiple Olympic and world champion medals in cross-country skiing [2]. At that time, no technique was available to identify blood doping using EPO drug, or transfusion, for which methods were validated in the early 2000s [3].

Here, we report two cases in which top-level athletes were disqualified solely on the basis of high Hb and Ht values. These athletes were found to be carriers of familial polycythaemia associated with functionally tested pathogenic mutations in genes involved in the hypoxia-sensing pathway several years after their disqualification from the sporting world, underlining the importance of having recourse to specialized testing before making serious accusations.

A 34-year-old male, who started playing soccer at a young age, applied to enter a sports-study high school when he was 16 years old. His application was rejected due to the presence of high Hb and Ht values (Table 1). The doctor overseeing his case suspected doping, leading to the man's subsequent ban from sports study in high school and competitions. Eighteen years later, his son was diagnosed with polycythaemia, suggesting familial erythrocytosis and samples from the father and son were analysed using NGS sequencing with a gene panel dedicated to the exploration of polycythaemia. A pathogenic mutation (p.Asp525Gly) in EPAS1 was identified in the father and son and three other relatives segregating with a polycythaemia phenotype. The EPAS1 gene encodes the hypoxia-inducible factor HIF2α, which regulates the expression of EPO when oxygen concentrations go down.

The second medical record concerns a top-level national Taekwondo athlete, for whom a routine examination revealed high Ht and Hb values (Table 1), leading to definitive banishment from competition. Ten years later, the patient's sister was referred to the hospital for absolute idiopathic polycythaemia. Given the sister's history of polycythaemia, the hypoxia-regulating genes were sequenced, which revealed a pathogenic mutation in the EGLN1 gene (p.Trp334Arg). EGLN1 encodes the PHD2 protein, which plays a major role in the degradation of HIF2α. This mutation was found in the athlete and her sister, as well as in three other relatives, confirming the segregation of the mutation with the systematic presence of polycythaemia.

Although these two case reports sadly emphasize the difficulties in the past to differentiate blood doping from atypically high Hb, they also show how progress in science, in particular genetic analyses, can now bring answers to uncommon cases. Since 2009, the longitudinal follow-up of the haematological parameters of high-level athletes has been performed, and high Hb could not be confused with doping anymore [4]. Recently, a single-nucleotide polymorphism (c.577del) found in the EPO gene was linked to atypical EPO profiles of Asian athletes and is now taken into account before concluding to doping [5].

Elite sports performance has been shown to be influenced by heritable components. The germline mutation in EPOR is the first mutation shown to increase athletic performance in relation to red blood cell production. We show here that the oxygen-related genes EGLN1/PHD2 and EPAS1/HIF2A should also be added to the growing list of genes predisposing to sports performance. In our opinion, high Hb or Ht values in athletes need to be tested using NGS sequencing with a dedicated panel of genes, in order to identify genetic abnormalities related to hereditary erythrocytosis.

François Girodon recruited patients. Nada Maaziz and Betty Gardie performed genetic analyses. François Girodon, Nada Maaziz and Betty Gardie wrote the manuscript. Laurent Martin and Alexandre Marchand reviewed the manuscript. François Girodon directed the study. All authors contributed to the research and approved the final manuscript.

The authors declare no potential conflicts of interest regarding the present work.

This research received no external funding.

Written informed consent has been obtained from the patients to publish this paper.

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来源期刊
Journal of Internal Medicine
Journal of Internal Medicine 医学-医学:内科
CiteScore
22.00
自引率
0.90%
发文量
176
审稿时长
4-8 weeks
期刊介绍: JIM – The Journal of Internal Medicine, in continuous publication since 1863, is an international, peer-reviewed scientific journal. It publishes original work in clinical science, spanning from bench to bedside, encompassing a wide range of internal medicine and its subspecialties. JIM showcases original articles, reviews, brief reports, and research letters in the field of internal medicine.
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