Quantitative reconstruction of past monsoon precipitation based on tetraether membrane lipids in Chinese loess

Abstract. Variations in the oxygen isotope composition (δ¹⁸O) of cave speleothems and numerous proxy records from loess-paleosol sequences have revealed past variations in East Asian monsoon (EAM) intensity. However, challenges persist in reconstructing precipitation changes quantitatively. Here, we use the positive relationship between the degree of cyclization (DC) of branched glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers (brGDGTs) in modern surface soils from the Chinese loess Plateau (CLP) and mean annual precipitation (MAP) to quantify past monsoon precipitation changes on the CLP. We present a new ~130,000-year long DC-based MAP record for the Yuanbao section on the western edge of CLP, which closely tracks the orbital- and millennial-scale variations in both the speleothem δ¹⁸O record and the hydrogen isotope composition of plant waxes (δ²H_wax) from the same section. Combing our new data with existing brGDGT records from other CLP sites reveals a spatial gradient in MAP that is most pronounced during glacials, when the western CLP experiences more arid conditions and receives up to ~250 mm less precipitation than in the southeast, whereas MAP is ~850 mm across the CLP during the Holocene optimum. Furthermore, the DC records show that precipitation amount on the CLP varies at the precession as well as obliquity scale, as opposed to the primarily precession scale variations in speleothem δ¹⁸O and δ²H_wax at Yuanbao, and the 100-kyr cycle in other loess proxies such as magnetic susceptibility, which rather indicates the relative intensity of the EAM. At the precession scale, the DC record is in phase with δ²H_wax from same section as well as the speleothem δ¹⁸O record, which supports the hypothesis that monsoon precipitation is driven by northern hemisphere summer insolation.