Influence of social capital, market orientation, and technological readiness on researchers’ interactions with companies

This study investigates the influence of social capital, market orientation, and technological readiness levels (TRLs) on the intensity of collaboration between researchers from a public research institution in Brazil and companies, and how TRLs moderate this relationship. Using a quantitative approach, we applied structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) to analyze responses from researchers at this institution. The analysis highlights the critical roles of social capital and market orientation in fostering effective R&D interactions. Social capital enhances collaboration through trust and network strength, while market orientation aligns R&D efforts with market needs, ensuring that innovations are both relevant and timely. Importantly, this study explores how technological readiness levels (TRLs) moderate these relationships, offering insights into the varying impact of social capital and market orientation across different stages of technological development. Findings reveal that participation in projects with TRLs 4 to 6, known as the Valley of Death, significantly moderates the impact of market orientation on researchers' interaction intensity with companies, underscoring the importance of considering technological maturity in R&D collaborations. The study is framed within the open innovation approach, emphasizing the importance of leveraging external knowledge and collaborative networks to enhance innovation outcomes. Theoretically, this research extends the existing models of R&D collaboration by illustrating how TRLs modify the effects of social capital and market orientation. Practically, it offers actionable insights for R&D managers and policymakers on structuring environments that foster robust academic–industry partnerships, facilitating the successful transition of innovations from conceptualization to market readiness.