Virtual Labs and Designer Bugs - Generative AI, Synthetic Biology and National Security.

AI technologies can pose a major national security concern. AI programs could be used to develop chemical and biological agents which circumvent existing protective measures or medical treatments, or to design pathogens with capabilities they do not naturally possess (gain-of-function research). Although Australia has a strong legislative framework relating to research into genetically modified organisms, the framework requires the interaction of more than 10 different government departments, universities and funding agencies. Further, there are few guidelines about the responsible use of AI in biological research where existing laws and policies do not apply to research that is conducted "virtually", even where that research may have national security implications. This article explores these under-scrutinised concepts in Australia's biological security frameworks.