A novel approach to cancer screening using the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans-based detection assays.

Background: Early diagnosis of cancer is essential for its effective treatment. Currently, established screening tests are cancer-specific and require screening for each type of cancer separately. The primary objective of cancer research is to develop methods that can detect multiple types of tumors from a single body fluid sample. Multicancer early detection tests aim to detect fragments of circulating tumor DNA, cell-free DNA, circulating microRNAs, or proteins released by cancer cells in the patient's body fluids. However, these tests are not suitable for routine cancer prevention due to their high cost. Therefore, in recent years, cancer screening tests have been developed to detect volatile organic compounds in urine using living organisms, such as nematodes, Caenorhabditis elegans. Measuring only 1 mm in length, C. elegans has the potential to offer a new, efficient, cost-effective, quick, and painless method to detect the presence of tumor.

Purpose: The purpose of this review is to present an overview of the literature on the development and validation of C. elegans-based cancer detection methods. The potential benefits of these assays are significant, as they could become a valuable tool for the early identification and diagnosis of cancer, even though this research is still in its initial stages of development.