How, and to what end, is the WHO-ICF framework represented in physiotherapy? Insights from a qualitative research synthesis.

Background: It has been two decades since the World Health Organization's endorsement of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF). It is timely to undertake a rigorous search that analyzes the discourses around the ICF's conceptual framework within physiotherapy, the kinds of enquiry to date and the professional areas where this is happening and how.

Purpose: The aim of this research is to synthesize the literature related to how the physiotherapy profession (practice, research and education) thinks about and puts to use the WHO ICF.

Results: A final sample of 37 papers was agreed. Five overarching third-order interpretations were derived: (i) A way of thinking and practicing, (ii) Endorsed but not embedded, (iii) Striking a balance, (iv) Power of participation and (v) Moving forward. Together, these themes illustrate the evolving role of the ICF in physiotherapy over the previous two decades. They highlight the ICF's potential for shaping the future of physiotherapy practice, education and research.

Conclusions: Work is needed to connect existing literature about the ICF and related models and embed the ICF, its language and philosophy across physiotherapy education and practice. Re-representation of the model might help address misinterpretation of the ICF, but fundamentally, embedding the ICF in entry-level curriculum is likely to be the most significant driver of change in practice.