Daniel D Wiegmann, Kelly L Weinersmith, Jeffrey R Baylis, Steven P Newman, Lisa M Angeloni
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The importance of null models-used to generate patterns of individual inter-nest distances by processes that do not involve site attachment-for inferences about site fidelity has been known for decades but is still often unappreciated or ignored.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The right skewed distributions of inter-nest distances observed in two earlier studies of male smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu) suggest prima facie that males exhibit nest site fidelity between annual reproduction episodes, but patterns of inter-nest distances have yet to be compared to an adequate null model. Here, we evaluate the nest site fidelity of marked male M. dolomieu in a decade-long dataset, where we apply a randomization procedure based on the rencontre probability problem to generate null models. Eight observed distributions of individual, annual inter-nest distances are compared to a year-specific null model to determine whether random processes are sufficient to explain the observed distributions of inter-nest distances.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Through contrasts between observed annual inter-nest distances and results derived from null models that imposed realistic constraints on behavior, we show that some males were undoubtedly nest-site faithful. To reinforce the utility of null models and to make these kinds of models more accessible, we also provide a supplemental tutorial. The tutorial illustrates how random site choices, subject to common ecological and behavioral constraints, and even how distance is measured, can produce patterns of inter-nest distances that falsely imply nest site fidelity, or a lack of fidelity. The R code needed to reproduce these null models is included. The inference errors evident in our examples generalize to other forms of site fidelity, such as the apparent patch fidelity of certain sea bird foragers.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The comparisons of observed distributions of inter-nest distances with those generated by null models imply that, as suggested in prior studies, male M. dolomieu indeed exhibit annual nest site fidelity. Procedures like those we apply are necessary first steps in analyses when distributions of distances between the nests of individuals in consecutive reproduction episodes are used to infer nest-site fidelity. 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Evidence of nest fidelity is often inferred from a right skewed distribution of distances between the nests of individuals that breed in two consecutive reproduction episodes, where many individuals nest some arbitrarily close distance to their prior nest and others, in the extended right tail of the distribution, nest far from the nest they previously occupied. Because right skewed distributions of inter-nest distances can arise even when individuals choose nest locations randomly, however, such inferences are prone to error. 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Eight observed distributions of individual, annual inter-nest distances are compared to a year-specific null model to determine whether random processes are sufficient to explain the observed distributions of inter-nest distances.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Through contrasts between observed annual inter-nest distances and results derived from null models that imposed realistic constraints on behavior, we show that some males were undoubtedly nest-site faithful. To reinforce the utility of null models and to make these kinds of models more accessible, we also provide a supplemental tutorial. The tutorial illustrates how random site choices, subject to common ecological and behavioral constraints, and even how distance is measured, can produce patterns of inter-nest distances that falsely imply nest site fidelity, or a lack of fidelity. The R code needed to reproduce these null models is included. 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引用次数: 0
摘要
背景:许多动物似乎偏好在其先前占据的地点附近重新筑巢。巢忠诚度的证据通常是从连续两次繁殖中繁殖个体的巢间距离的右偏分布推断出来的,在这种分布中,许多个体的巢与它们先前的巢任意地保持着很近的距离,而在分布的右延长尾部,另一些个体的巢与它们先前占据的巢相距甚远。然而,由于即使个体随机选择筑巢地点,巢间距离的右倾斜分布也可能出现,因此这种推断很容易出错。数十年来,人们一直知道无效模型的重要性,即通过不涉及筑巢地点的附着过程产生个体巢间距的模式,从而推断筑巢地点的忠诚度,但这一重要性仍常常不被重视或被忽视:方法:在早期对雄性小口鲈鱼(Micropterus dolomieu)的两项研究中观察到的巢间距离右斜分布初步表明,雄性小口鲈鱼在每年的繁殖周期之间表现出对巢址的忠诚,但是巢间距离的模式尚未与适当的无效模型进行比较。在此,我们在一个长达十年的数据集中评估了有标记的雄性多罗米欧对巢址的忠实性。我们将观测到的八个个体每年的巢间距分布与特定年份的空模型进行比较,以确定随机过程是否足以解释观测到的巢间距分布:通过观察到的年巢间距离与对行为施加现实约束的空模型得出的结果之间的对比,我们发现一些雄鸟无疑是忠实于巢址的。为了加强空模型的实用性,并使这类模型更易于理解,我们还提供了一个补充教程。该教程说明了随机巢址选择如何受到常见的生态和行为约束,甚至如何测量距离,从而产生巢间距离模式,错误地暗示巢址忠诚或缺乏忠诚。文中包含了重现这些无效模型所需的 R 代码。我们的例子中明显的推断错误也适用于其他形式的巢址忠诚,例如某些海鸟觅食者明显的斑块忠诚:结论:观察到的巢间距离分布与空模型产生的巢间距离分布的比较表明,正如先前的研究中提出的那样,雄性多罗米欧确实表现出每年对巢址的忠实性。当利用连续繁殖期个体巢间距离的分布来推断巢址忠诚度时,我们所采用的程序是分析的第一步。雄性多罗米乌为什么会对巢址忠实,这个问题还有待回答。
Null models confirm nest site fidelity by male smallmouth bass, Micropterus dolomieu.
Background: Many animals appear to preferentially renest in proximity to a site they previously occupied. Evidence of nest fidelity is often inferred from a right skewed distribution of distances between the nests of individuals that breed in two consecutive reproduction episodes, where many individuals nest some arbitrarily close distance to their prior nest and others, in the extended right tail of the distribution, nest far from the nest they previously occupied. Because right skewed distributions of inter-nest distances can arise even when individuals choose nest locations randomly, however, such inferences are prone to error. The importance of null models-used to generate patterns of individual inter-nest distances by processes that do not involve site attachment-for inferences about site fidelity has been known for decades but is still often unappreciated or ignored.
Methods: The right skewed distributions of inter-nest distances observed in two earlier studies of male smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu) suggest prima facie that males exhibit nest site fidelity between annual reproduction episodes, but patterns of inter-nest distances have yet to be compared to an adequate null model. Here, we evaluate the nest site fidelity of marked male M. dolomieu in a decade-long dataset, where we apply a randomization procedure based on the rencontre probability problem to generate null models. Eight observed distributions of individual, annual inter-nest distances are compared to a year-specific null model to determine whether random processes are sufficient to explain the observed distributions of inter-nest distances.
Results: Through contrasts between observed annual inter-nest distances and results derived from null models that imposed realistic constraints on behavior, we show that some males were undoubtedly nest-site faithful. To reinforce the utility of null models and to make these kinds of models more accessible, we also provide a supplemental tutorial. The tutorial illustrates how random site choices, subject to common ecological and behavioral constraints, and even how distance is measured, can produce patterns of inter-nest distances that falsely imply nest site fidelity, or a lack of fidelity. The R code needed to reproduce these null models is included. The inference errors evident in our examples generalize to other forms of site fidelity, such as the apparent patch fidelity of certain sea bird foragers.
Conclusions: The comparisons of observed distributions of inter-nest distances with those generated by null models imply that, as suggested in prior studies, male M. dolomieu indeed exhibit annual nest site fidelity. Procedures like those we apply are necessary first steps in analyses when distributions of distances between the nests of individuals in consecutive reproduction episodes are used to infer nest-site fidelity. Why male M. dolomieu are site faithful is a question yet to be answered.
期刊介绍:
Accounts of Chemical Research presents short, concise and critical articles offering easy-to-read overviews of basic research and applications in all areas of chemistry and biochemistry. These short reviews focus on research from the author’s own laboratory and are designed to teach the reader about a research project. In addition, Accounts of Chemical Research publishes commentaries that give an informed opinion on a current research problem. Special Issues online are devoted to a single topic of unusual activity and significance.
Accounts of Chemical Research replaces the traditional article abstract with an article "Conspectus." These entries synopsize the research affording the reader a closer look at the content and significance of an article. Through this provision of a more detailed description of the article contents, the Conspectus enhances the article's discoverability by search engines and the exposure for the research.