Mapping of uncontrolled dumpsites in arid regions through remote sensing and image processing.

Due to increased urbanization, the development of new areas, construction of new houses and buildings and uncontrolled dumpsites (UDSs) are becoming a challenge facing local authorities in Saudi Arabia. UDSs pose health risks to the public, potentially deteriorating the environment around them and reducing the value of ongoing development areas. The local municipalities rely on field surveys and citizen reports. This can be inefficient because UDSs are often discovered too late, and remediating them can be costly. This study aimed to assess the conditions of UDSs in two cities in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia, Dammam and Hafer Al-Batin, using satellite image classification assessment techniques. The assessment included mapping the UDS locations and studying the spectral reflectance of the materials found in these dumpsites. The study provided a mapping of 62 UDS locations totalling around 13.01 km² in the broader study area. UDS detections using remote sensing were followed by ground truthing and in situ measurements using a spectroradiometer. In addition, the spectral reflectance of 21 commonly deposited UDS materials was studied, and a spectral library was created for these materials for future use by local authorities.