要么老,要么死:社会保险中的长寿公正

Manuel Sá Valente
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摘要

在我们生活中面临的所有风险(从失业到年老)中,早逝是最悲惨的风险之一,但也是最容易被现代国家忽视的风险之一。自由平等主义者可能很容易否定针对早逝的社会保险,但我认为他们不应该这样做。在本文的开头,我通过回答四种常见的批评,解释了为什么社会保险应该包括早死风险。接下来,我将论证一种新的保险形式,它比现状更加自由,在不同年龄段更加平等。更具体地说,我证明了在青年、中年和老年等所有生命阶段发放可存储养老金可以促进自由并减少终生不平等。研究年龄组和长寿公正的学者往往忽视了自由主义的终生平等在多大程度上可以为反对跨年龄不平等提供有见地的论据。这些论点呼吁制定一项政策,让每个年龄组的人都能自由领取可储存的养老金。我把这种政策称为自由退休。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Get old or die trying: Longevity justice in social insurance
Of all the risks we face in life, ranging from unemployment to old age, early death is among the most tragic and yet most neglected by modern states. Liberal egalitarians might find it easy to dismiss social insurance against early death, but I argue they should not. Early in this paper, I explain why social insurance should include the risk of premature death by replying to four common criticisms. What follows is a case for a novel form of insurance that is more liberal and egalitarian across ages than the status quo. More specifically, I show that granting storable pensions in all life stages – youth, middle, and old age – promotes liberty and reduces lifetime inequality. Writers on age group and longevity justice often overlook the extent to which liberal lifetime equality can supply insightful arguments against inequality across ages. These call for a policy that gives each age group the freedom to draw a storable pension. I call that policy freetirement.
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