Chemistry or Hypoglycaemic Aspect of Thiazolidin-2,4-Dione Insight into the Structure-activity Relationship

Heterocyclic compounds that incorporate nitrogen and sulfur, particularly those within the thiazole family, have garnered significant attention due to their versatile synthetic properties. This interest arises from their abundance of biologically active natural products and their effectiveness as potent agrochemicals and pharmaceuticals. Among these, the thiazolidin-2,4-dione (TZD) motif plays a pivotal role in the biological functions of many important molecules. The adaptability of the TZD scaffold is further heightened by the potential for substitutions at the third and fifth positions, rendering it a widely employed moiety with diverse biological effects. TZD analogs, bearing substitutions at these positions, exhibit a wide spectrum of biological activities, with a notable emphasis on hypoglycemic effects attributed to enhanced insulin resistance through the activation of the PPAR-γ receptor. This manuscript aims to present a comprehensive review of research conducted on TZD derivatives as potential antihyperglycemic agents spanning from 2010 to the current date. The review encompasses insights into their molecular mechanisms. Thiazolidin-based chemicals have received significant attention as hypoglycemic agents and provided information on patents granted for TZD analogs.