Globally significant mass of terrestrial organic carbon efficiently transported by canyon-flushing turbidity currents

Burial of organic carbon in marine sediments is a long-term sink of atmospheric CO2, and submarine turbidity currents are volumetrically the most important sediment transport process on Earth. Yet the processes, amounts, and efficiency of organic carbon transfer by turbidity currents through submarine canyons to the deep sea are poorly documented and understood. We present an organic carbon budget for the submarine Congo Canyon, offshore West Africa, constrained with time-lapse bathymetry, sediment cores, and flow monitoring, including the effects of two >1000-km-runout canyon-flushing turbidity currents. In one year, flows eroded an estimated 6.09 ± 2.70 Mt of previously buried terrestrial organic carbon in the canyon, primarily from fine-grained and vegetation-rich muddy sand facies with high organic carbon contents (as high as 11%). The age and composition of organic carbon in the Congo Canyon is comparable to those in the Congo River, indicating that transfer is efficient. Over the whole canyon-channel system, we extrapolate that 43 ± 15 Mt of organic carbon was eroded and transported to the deep (> 5 km) sea, equivalent to 22% of the annual global particulate organic carbon export from rivers to oceans and 54%−108% of the predicted annual terrestrial organic carbon burial in the oceans. Canyon-flushing turbidity currents carried a globally significant mass of terrestrial organic carbon down just one submarine canyon in a single year, indicating their importance for redistribution and delivery of organic carbon to the deep sea.