Underperformance duration and R&D internationalization: Institutional contingencies in an emerging economy

This paper, based on the behavioral theory of the firm (BTOF), examines the influence of underperformance duration on a firm’s R&D internationalization in terms of both scale and scope. We propose that, under the time pressure stemming from prolonged underperformance, firms increase the scale of their R&D internationalization to expedite the benefits of overseas R&D activities through enhanced synergy and learning effects. Simultaneously, they narrow the geographic scope of foreign R&D efforts to reduce the complexity of coordinating dispersed R&D locations. Additionally, we investigate how the institutional contingencies in emerging economies moderate the time pressure mechanism. We posit that state ownership weakens the relationship between underperformance duration and R&D internationalization strategies (both in terms of scale and scope), whereas regional institutional development strengthens it. We use Heckman’s two-step estimation on a sample of 485 Chinese multinational firms from 2009 to 2018, and find support for our hypotheses.