Mineralogy and geochemistry of rare metal (Zr-Nb-Hf-Ta-REE-Ga) coals of the seam XXX of the Izykh Coalfield, Minusinsk Basin, Russia: Implications for more widespread rare metal mineralization in North Asia

This study focuses a comprehensive mineralogical and geochemical study of rare-metal (Zr-Nb-Hf-Ta-REE-Ga) mineralization in the Permian coal seam XXX-XXXa of the Izykh Coalfield, Minusinsk Basin, southern Siberia. A link is demonstrated between the accumulation of rare metals in the coal with a volcanogenic rock parting up to 45 cm thick separating the coal seams. The floor of seam XXX is also characterized by the presence of pyroclastic material, which affects the level of accumulation of rare elements in the coal of the seam. Coals and intra-seam rock partings in seam XXX-XXXa have abnormally high concentrations of Zr, Nb, Hf, Ta, REE and Ga. In coal ash samples, the contents of some elements are highly evaluated, e.g., 1.4% Zr, 0.26% Nb, 164 ppm Hf, 17.9 ppm Ta, 0.8% REE, 0.13% Y, and 226 ppm Ga. The concentration of rare elements is higher in the coal and coal ash of the XXX coal seam than in the XXXa coal seam. The accumulation of anomalous concentrations of Zr-Nb-Hf-Ta-REE and Ga is mostly specific for the rock parting between the XXX and XXXa seams, as well as for the coals in contact with this parting. Zirconium, Nb, Y, and REE form more contrasting halos near the parting compared to Ta, Hf, and Ga. This is explained by the different mobility of the elements under weathering and diagenetic conditions. Other ore elements are concentrated to a greater extent in the coal in the near-contact zone, as well as at a distance from the partings. Ore material is concentrated primarily in the fine-dispersed mineral phase represented mainly by Zr-Nb-Ti-Fe oxides, complex Nb-Zr-P silicates, and REY-bearing phosphates (monazite, xenotime). Volcanogenic pyroclastics of acidic and alkaline composition (rhyolite-pantellerite) influenced the accumulation of rare metals in coal. Volcanic ash, transported from a distant source, served as the raw material for the formation of the rock interlayer in coal. The composition of this volcanic ash is believed to correspond to a pantelleritic tuff. These findings are comparable to those reached in earlier work on the altered ash in the coal seam XI of the Kuznetsk Coal Basin, which has similar geochemical features and is also of Permian age. Complex Zr-Nb-Hf-Ta-REE-Ga mineralization in the coals of the Kuznetsk and Minusinsk basins, associated with volcanogenic pyroclastics, indicates a wide manifestation of active acid and alkaline volcanism during the formation of coal deposits and the possibility of identifying similar mineralization in Permian coals of East and North Asia.