Regenerative Medicine for Equine Skin Wound Healing: A Review of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles, Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Microvesicles, and Propolis

: Skin wound healing in animals often requires veterinary intervention with mesenchymal stem cell-derived microvesicles (MSC-MVs) emerging as a promising therapeutic avenue. MSC-MVs, minute membrane-bound structures carrying bioactive molecules, play a crucial role in influencing wound-healing processes. They modulate inflammation, which is vital for tissue repair, and stimulate the proliferation and migration of skin cells and fibroblasts, thereby facilitating tissue regeneration. Furthermore, they induce angiogenesis, which is crucial for the delivery of oxygen and nutrients to the wound site. However, realizing their potential in routine veterinary practice entails addressing current challenges. Tailored research on the optimal e ffi cacy in target animal species is imperative because of species specificity. Determining the appropriate dosing and administration frequency for di ff erent wound types is crucial to avoid compromising the e ffi cacy or introducing side e ff ects. Developing e ffi cient delivery methods suitable for diverse veterinary applications remains a priority along with standardizing production protocols to ensure consistent quality and therapeutic e ff ects. Although generally safe, further investigation into the potential side e ff ects, especially with prolonged use, is necessary. A cost-e ff ectiveness analysis is essential to ensure accessibility. Future research should focus on comparative clinical trials, exploring combination therapies and targeted delivery systems, and optimizing MSC-MVs and their cargo properties. Long-term safety and e ff ectiveness studies are vital, particularly for chronic wound management. Finally, cost-benefit analysis will determine the feasibility of incorporating MSC-MVs into routine veterinary care, potentially revolutionizing wound healing