1740 年的天气,中欧 600 年来最冷的一年

IF 3.8 2区 地球科学 Q1 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY
Stefan Brönnimann, Janusz Filipiak, Siyu Chen, Lucas Pfister
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引用次数: 0

摘要

摘要1739/40 年冬季是欧洲自早期仪器测量以来最寒冷的冬季之一。许多当代资料都对寒潮进行了讨论,并将该冬季与 1708/09 年冬季进行了比较。但鲜为人知的是,1740 年直到 8 月仍很寒冷,10 月再次寒冷,欧亚大陆和北美洲也出现了负温度异常。1737/40 年北部中纬度陆地地区的寒冷季节可能是 300 年来最冷的一年,而 1740 年是中欧 600 年来最冷的一年。新的月度全球气候重建技术可以更详细地研究这一重大事件,而日常观测和天气重建技术则可以让我们深入了解天气变化情况。在欧洲上空,我们发现这一事件的起因是 1 月初斯堪的纳维亚半岛的强阻塞,使得大陆冷空气得以吸入。从 2 月到 6 月,爱尔兰上空的高压占据主导地位,这可能与频繁的东大西洋阻塞有关。这导致冷空气从寒冷的北大西洋北部侵入。夏季,气旋天气在中欧上空占主导地位,与来自大西洋的湿冷空气有关。讨论了海洋影响(厄尔尼诺现象)和外部诱因(1739 年塔鲁迈火山爆发)可能发挥的作用。虽然可能的厄尔尼诺现象可能是造成冬季寒流的原因之一,但东大西洋阻塞可能与厄尔尼诺现象或火山爆发无关。总之,1740 年的寒冷标志着欧洲气温最强烈的、可以说是非人为的偏移。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
The weather of 1740, the coldest year in Central Europe in 600 years
Abstract. The winter 1739/40 is known as one of the coldest winters in Europe since early instrumental measurements began. Many contemporary sources discuss the cold waves and compare the winter to that of 1708/09. It is less well known that the year 1740 remained cold until August and again in October, and that negative temperature anomalies are also found over Eurasia and North America. The 1737/40 cold season over northern midlatitude land areas was perhaps the coldest in 300 years, and 1740 was the coldest year in Central Europe in 600 years. New monthly, global climate reconstructions allow addressing this momentous event in greater detail, while daily observations and weather reconstructions give insight into the synoptic situations. Over Europe, we find that the event was initiated by a strong Scandinavian blocking in early January, allowing the advection continental cold air. From February until June, high pressure dominated over Ireland, arguably associated with frequent East Atlantic blocking. This led to cold air advection from the cold northern North Atlantic. During the summer, cyclonic weather dominated over Central Europe, associated with cold and wet air from the Atlantic. The possible role of oceanic influences (El Niño) and external forcings (eruption of Mount Tarumae in 1739) are discussed. While a possible El Niño event might have contributed to the winter cold spells, the East Atlantic blocking is arguably unrelated to either El Niño or the volcanic eruption. In all, the cold year of 1740 marks one of the strongest, arguably unforced excursions in European temperature.
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来源期刊
Climate of The Past
Climate of The Past 地学-气象与大气科学
CiteScore
7.40
自引率
14.00%
发文量
120
审稿时长
4-8 weeks
期刊介绍: Climate of the Past (CP) is a not-for-profit international scientific journal dedicated to the publication and discussion of research articles, short communications, and review papers on the climate history of the Earth. CP covers all temporal scales of climate change and variability, from geological time through to multidecadal studies of the last century. Studies focusing mainly on present and future climate are not within scope. The main subject areas are the following: reconstructions of past climate based on instrumental and historical data as well as proxy data from marine and terrestrial (including ice) archives; development and validation of new proxies, improvements of the precision and accuracy of proxy data; theoretical and empirical studies of processes in and feedback mechanisms between all climate system components in relation to past climate change on all space scales and timescales; simulation of past climate and model-based interpretation of palaeoclimate data for a better understanding of present and future climate variability and climate change.
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