鉴定果蝇在极端氧气环境中生存的候选基因

T. Stobdan, Huiwen W. Zhao, Dan Zhou, Arya Iranmehr, Lu-Bo Ying, V. Bafna, G. Haddad
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摘要

数千年来,生命形式的起源和进化在很大程度上取决于氧气的供应。然而,在强大的选择压力下,适应过程的机制还存在一些争议。例如,它可能是由在新环境中产生适应优势的现存突变或隐性遗传变异介导的,也可能是由新产生的突变介导的。对于有性生殖的生物来说,也可以通过重组在一个单倍型上获得多个有利的变体,以减轻克隆干扰的影响并加速适应。然而,我们很难直接观察到进化过程。在目前的研究中,我们确定了高O2适应果蝇和低O2适应果蝇的基因组选择区间。黑腹果蝇在90%和4%的氧气环境中分别能完成生命周期,而在其他环境中,黑腹果蝇是致命的。我们利用 UAS-RNAi x daGal4 系统从功能上验证了所选顶级基因组区间特定基因的作用。在高氧气环境下筛选出的顶级基因组区间包括 32 个基因,其中有 4 个非蛋白编码基因。有 15 个基因(15/28)的 RNAi 株可供选择,这些基因均匀分布在这一区间。高浓度氧气耐受性实验表明,适应性苍蝇的衰亡率大于 98%。与对照组相比,CG15472、Klf15、CG2861 和 CG42594 这四个基因的化蛹数量相对较高(12±0.6 至 14±2.5 对每瓶 <7 个蛹。CG15472 和 CG42594 这两个基因的平均化蛹率较高,但数量明显低于适应蝇。CG15472 的羽化率(91.4 ±16.7%)明显更高,接近适应蝇的 98%。同样,我们在适应低氧气的苍蝇中也发现了正在选择的间隔。值得注意的是,在这些被选择的区间中,Notch 信号通路的基因比例较高。我们目前的研究结果表明,CG15472 是最重要的选择区间基因之一,在苍蝇成功适应高氧气环境的过程中发挥着关键作用。同样,Notch 信号通路在苍蝇成功适应极低氧气环境中也起着重要作用。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Identification of Candidate Genes Involved in the Survival of Drosophila in Extreme O2 Environments
The origin and evolution of life forms depended by and large on O2 availability over thousands of years. The mechanism of the adaptation process under strong selection pressure, however, is subject to some debate. For instance, it could be mediated by extant mutations or cryptic genetic variation that yield a fitness advantage in the new environment, or by mutations that arise de novo. For sexually reproducing organisms, multiple favored variants can also be acquired on a single haplotype via recombination to alleviate the effect of clonal interference and accelerate adaptation. It is however difficult to directly observe evolution in action. In the current study, we have identified the genomic intervals under selection in the high and low O2‐adapted Drosophila melanogaster. The adapted Drosophila melanogaster constitutes flies that could complete its life cycle in 90% and 4% O2 environments respectively, which otherwise is lethal for the naive flies. We used UAS‐RNAi x daGal4 system to functionally validate the role of specific genes of the top selected genomic interval. The top interval selected under high O2 environment consisted of 32 genes that includes four non‐protein‐coding genes. RNAi lines were available for 15 genes (15/28) that were evenly scattered across this interval. The high O2 tolerance assay indicate >98% eclosion rate in the adapted flies. Four genes i.e., CG15472, Klf15, CG2861 and CG42594, depicts a relatively higher number of pupation compared to the controls (12±0.6 to 14±2.5 versus <7 pupae counts per vial. The average pupae eclosed was higher for two of the genes, CG15472 and CG42594, although these numbers were significantly lower than the adapted flies. The percentage eclosion rate was significantly higher for CG15472 ‐(91.4 ±16.7%), which is close to the 98% eclosion seen in the adapted flies. Similarly, we have identified intervals under selection in the low O2 adapted flies. Remarkably, there was higher proportion of genes from the Notch signaling pathway in these selected intervals. Our results so far indicate that CG15472 from the top selected interval is one of the important gene playing critical role in the successful adaptation of flies to high O2 environment. Similarly, the Notch signaling pathway has an important role in the successful adaptation of flies to extremely low O2.
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