Immune cells interactions in the tumor microenvironment

The tumor microenvironment (TME) plays a critical role in cancer cell proliferation, invasion, and resistance to therapy. A principal component of the TME is the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME), which includes various immune cells such as macrophages. Depending on the signals received from environmental elements like IL-4 or IFN-$\gamma$, macrophages can exhibit pro-inflammatory (M1) or anti-inflammatory (M2) phenotypes. This study uses an enhanced agent-based model to simulate interactions within the TIME, focusing on the dynamic behavior of macrophages. We examine the response of cancer cell populations to alterations in macrophages, categorized into three different behaviors: M0 (initial-inactive), M1 (immune-upholding), and M2 (immune-repressing), as well as environmental differentiations. The results highlight the significant impact of macrophage modulation on tumor proliferation and suggest potential therapeutic strategies targeting these immune cells.