New database for the estimation of dynamic coefficient of friction of snow

Knowledge of the Coulomb dynamic coefficient of friction of snow is a vital input parameter for the estimation of run-out distance, velocity, forces, and lateral spread of the snow avalanches in the hilly regions. This parameter is defined as the ratio of the wall shear force to the normal force components of an avalanche. Avalanches are one of the most devastating natural hazards. So, the proper understanding of avalanche flow parameters is vital for the people and the infrastructure in the mountainous regions of the world. Notwithstanding the utmost significance of the Coulomb friction parameter, a few measurements are available for this parameter. In the present work, based on 32 measurements carried out from 2017 to 2020, a new database for the shear force and normal force components of the avalanches and derived values of the dynamic coefficient of friction between the chute steel surface and the flowing snow are presented. The measurements were carried out using a three-component piezoelectric load cells-based dynamometer which in turn was installed on the 12° slope of a 61-m long snow chute, located in the Pir Panjal Himalayan range of India. Based on all the measurements, the average value of the dynamic coefficient of friction for snow-steel surface is estimated to be 0.113 with a standard deviation of 0.032. The results have been exhibited to be in accordance with the published literature. It is expected that the present database will be highly significant for the validation and improvement of avalanche dynamics models especially for high-density wet snow conditions. Further, shear force and normal force components data may be useful for the designing of snow sheds in mountainous regions.