A systematic review of released nano-particles from commercial nano-textiles during use and washing

The increasing demand for durable, eco-friendly clothing has led to the use of nanomaterials in textiles. However, concerns arise about the impact of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs). Studies have explored nanoparticle release from textiles during usage and washing. However, the existing data is fragmented, and a comprehensive grasp is absent. A systematic review is required to consolidate existing evidence and offer a thorough analysis of nanoparticle release from nano-enhanced textiles in commercial use and washing. This review assess the research aims to concerning the release of nanomaterials from commercial textiles during usage and laundering. The process involved defining objectives, crafting a search strategy, utilizing databases, and applying inclusion/exclusion criteria. After deduplication, articles were screened for eligibility, covering nanoparticle characteristics and release mechanisms. Searches spanned Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science, using keywords like “Nano,” “Nanoparticles,” etc. Original articles on nanomaterial release from conventional textiles were included. Out of 1549 articles identified, and met the criteria for inclusion in the study. The results reveal that textiles employing nanotechnology can indeed release a significant quantity of nanoparticles. The characteristics of these released particles, including their quantity and composition, are influenced by various factors such as nanoparticle structure, adhesive properties, fabric type, and environmental interactions. While there exist variations between laboratory simulations and real-world conditions, these findings underscore potential risks associated with nanoparticle release, underscoring the necessity for toxicological assessments and additional research into particle behavior, particularly emphasizing the functional aspects of fibers and the environmental impact following nanoparticle release after washing.