Millennial-scale climate cycles modulated by Milankovitch forcing in the middle Cambrian (ca. 500 Ma) Marjum Formation, Utah, USA

Middle Cambrian offshore deposits of the Marjum Formation, Utah, USA, are characterized by four scales of superimposed cyclicity defined by varying fine siliciclastic versus limestone abundances; these include limestone-marl couplets (rhythmites; 5−10 cm), which are bundled into parasequences (1−2 m) and small-scale (5−10 m) and large-scale (20−40 m) sequences. Time series analysis of SiO2 and lithologic rank stratigraphic series reveal cycles consistent with Milankovitch periods corresponding to Cambrian orbital eccentricity (20 m, 405 k.y.; ∼6 m 110 k.y.), obliquity (1.8 m, 30 k.y.), climatic precession (1.15 m, ∼18 k.y.), and half-precession (0.64 m, 7 k.y.). Astronomical calibration of the lithologic rank series indicates that the main sub-Milankovitch cycle at 0.065 m represents ∼1 k.y. and corresponds to the basic rhythmite couplet. All scales of cyclicity are interpreted as the result of wet versus dry monsoonal climate oscillations controlling the abundance of fine siliciclastic sediment influx to the basin. A plausible millennial-scale climate driver is solar activity. These results describe one of the oldest known geological candidates for solar-influenced climate change modulated by Milankovitch forcing.