母乳--有生命的超级食品现有知识回顾

Patrycja Figurowska, Natalia Małek, Sara Emerla, Aleksandra Brożyna, Anita Kwiatkowska, Arkadiusz Bydliński, Konrad Karłowicz, Maria Hermanowska, Julia Lubomirska, Łukasz Ciulkiewicz, Patryk Pluta
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摘要

引言母乳被认为是婴儿(包括早产儿)的最佳营养品,因为它含有促进发育和成长的最佳成分。母乳营养丰富,还含有多种细菌,在婴儿胃肠道定植和保护乳腺健康方面发挥作用。母乳的成分因母体和婴儿的多种因素而异。研究目的本研究旨在总结目前有关母乳中营养成分、生物活性因子含量和微生物群多样性的知识,这些知识取决于各种因素。材料和方法:本研究综述了 PubMed 平台上发布的 1989-2024 年间 26 篇主要为英文的科学出版物。结果牛奶成分的变化与多种因素有关。取决于产后年龄:与足月牛奶相比,早产牛奶的蛋白质、脂肪和免疫因子含量较高,乳糖浓度较低。取决于乳汁的成熟度:初乳的蛋白质含量比成熟乳高,但乳糖、脂肪和能量含量比成熟乳低。人奶也是对婴儿肠道微生物群发育很重要的可存活细菌的来源,但牛奶中细菌菌株的多样性可能有所不同。取决于分娩方式:自然分娩后母亲的乳汁中含有更多益生菌阴道和肠道相关细菌,而剖腹产后母亲的乳汁中含有更多皮肤相关微生物群。取决于母亲的体重:超重母亲的乳汁中益生菌含量较低,而致病菌含量较高。酒精、尼古丁和一些药物也会对母乳产生负面影响。结论母乳因人而异,其成分取决于多种因素。研究发现,产后和妊娠阶段、分娩方式、母亲体重和某些物质是影响母乳成分(包括营养成分、微生物群和乳汁量)的重要因素。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Breast milk – a living superfood. Review of current knowledge
Introduction: Breastfeeding is considered the best nutrition for infants, including born preterm due to containing optimal ingredients for development and growth. Breast milk is a rich source of nutrients, it also contains diverse types of bacteria, which play a role in infant’s gastrointestinal tract colonization and preserving mammary health. Composition of human milk varies depending on numerous maternal and infant factors. Aim of the study: The aim of the study was to summarize the current knowledge about the content of nutrients, bioactive factors and microbiota diversity in human milk depending on various factors. Materials and methods: The work is a review of 26 mainly English-language scientific publications from 1989-2024 posted on the PubMed platform. Results: Milk composition changes in addition to several factors. Depending on postnatal age: preterm milk has higher content of protein, fat and immunological factors and lower concentration of lactose than term milk. Depending on milk maturity: Colostrum is higher in protein but lower in lactose, fat and energy than mature milk. Human milk is also a source of viable bacteria important for developing infant’s gut microbiota, but the diversity of bacterial strains in milk may vary. Depending on mode of delivery: milk of mothers after spontaneous labour contents more probiotic vaginal- and enteric-associated bacteria, while milk of mothers after C-section has more skin-associated microbiota. Depending on mother’s weight: milk of overweight mothers is lower in probiotic- and higher in pathogenic bacteria. Alcohol, nicotine, and some medications also have negative impact on produced milk. Conclusions: Human milk varies from woman to woman and its composition depends on several factors. Postnatal and gestational stage, delivery mode, mother's weight and certain substances have been found to be important factors influencing the constitution of breast milk, including nutrients, microbiota and volume of milk.
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