Unraveling genotype-by-environment interaction in maize using cutting edge statistical tools: Innovative empirical selection for increased yield stability

By prioritizing high yields in ideal conditions, traditional breeding might miss out that genotypes with superior yield and stability. Thus,this study seeks to identify stable genotypes that offer more predictable and reliable yields; under both stress and resourceful environments, leading to not only greater food security but financial stability as well. Incorporating both fixed (AMMI&GGI) and random effects models (BLUP & MTSI), not only leveraged theoretical but also empirical comparisons-weakness of each model is covered by all 4 models-to select elites hybrids Maize. Furthermore, a multi-environment trial assessed 41 hybrids across 4 research stations in 2 winter seasons using RCB design. Likewise, compiled cutting-edge statistical methods for GEI analyses from the “metan” package (R-Software), selected hybrids with consistent performance with meticulous analysis. AMMI(Additive Main effects and Multiplicative Interaction)analysis revealed that of significant (p ≤ 0.05) effects of genotype, environment, & genotype-environment interaction (GEI), explaining yield variance with interaction effects were captured by 3 interaction principal components (IPCs). Moreover,GEI graphics of AMMI biplots elucidates four hybrids(MRM-4062, Super-22, PAC-744, and Gen-4118) with high yield stability and above-average performance. Additionally, eight hybrids (4118, 4558, 5454, NMH1258, PAC 746, PAC 745 Gold, and SUPER 9090) exhibited superior yield, regardless of their stability. Nepalgunj exhibited the lowest GEI value. Conversely, Rampur displayed an above-average GEI, indicating a strong ability to modulate varieties performance. Besides this, GGE biplot revealed two potential mega-environments based on yield similarities. Nine high-yielding hybrids (SUPPER 6768, SUPPER 9396, PAC750, MBS5622, PAC745 Gold, MRM4065, NMH8392, Gen-4118, and Gen-4558) were identified as vertex hybrids, signifying their superior performance across wide environments. Even supposing, mixed effects model, both the best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP) weighted with average absolute score standardized by yields (WAASBY) models, Gen-4118 ranked highest in terms of average yield, followed by NMH-8392, TMH2858, and others, and Multi-Trait Stability Index (MTSI) identified SUPPER-9090 as the most stable and high-yielding genotype, followed by NMH4040, Super-22, Gen-4118, MBS-1144, and NMH1255. In a nutshell, Gen-4118, Super-9090, MRM-4062, NMH1258, NMH-8392, TMH2858, PAC 746, PAC 745 Gold emerge as the highest-yielding and most consistently high-performinghybrids, offering promise for commercial farming across diverse environments. Clearly,this study has potential to mitigate risks for farmers (economic burden, crop failure) and bolster food security/climate resilience. What's more, it paves the way for future research on cold tolerance genes for even greater crop improvement.