教育水平相近的黑人和白人成年人在职业分布上的种族差异:健康与退休研究》中对中老年人的分析。

Journal of rehabilitation therapy Pub Date : 2024-01-01 Epub Date: 2024-03-12 DOI:10.29245/2767-5122/2024/1.1141
Shervin Assari, Hossein Zare, Amanda Sonnega
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引用次数: 0

摘要

背景:职业等级在影响个人和人群健康方面发挥着重要作用,是高等教育带来更好健康结果的重要渠道。目的:本研究旨在调查黑人、拉丁裔和白人中老年人的教育程度与职业等级之间的关系,重点关注他们向退休的过渡:本研究利用 "健康与退休研究"(HRS)的横截面数据,探讨了种族/族裔、教育程度、职业等级和退休时间对中老年人的影响。分析对象包括 7096 名被认定为白人、黑人或拉丁裔的样本。通过逻辑回归,我们评估了种族/族裔和教育程度对六个确定的职业类别的相加和相乘效应:1.管理和专业操作,2.专业特长,3.销售,4.文书/行政支持,5.服务和 6.体力劳动。体力劳动:参与者为黑人(n = 1,143 人)或白人(n = 5,953 人)。其中包括拉丁裔(人数=459)或非拉丁裔(人数=6634)。我们的分析表明,黑人和拉丁裔成年人偏向于从事体力和服务职业,这与白人成年人更多从事文秘/行政和管理职位形成鲜明对比。不同种族群体的教育程度并不等同于相似的职业结果。主要发现包括首先,与白人相比,拥有大学或更高学历的黑人不太可能担任办事员和行政职务。其次,持有普通教育发展(GED)证书或受过一些大学教育一般与担任管理职务的可能性降低有关;但这种反比关系在黑人中老年人中不如在白人中老年人中明显。第三,拥有普通教育文凭会减少从事销售工作的机会,而拥有大学学历则会增加这种机会。种族与一定程度的大学教育之间的交互作用表明,一定程度的大学教育对销售角色的影响在黑人成年人中比在白人成年人中更为显著。我们没有观察到种族(拉丁裔)和教育程度对职业类别的交互作用。鉴于职业类别的稳定性,这些发现也可能适用于退休前从事的最后一种职业:本研究凸显了教育水平相当的个人在职业类别上的显著种族差异,强调了对健康和福利差异的深远影响。未来的研究应探索缓解劳动力市场歧视和工作隔离的策略,以此来缩小这些职业差距。此外,社会分层、工作隔离和历史遗留问题(如吉姆-克罗时代的影响)对这些差距的影响也值得进一步研究。解决这些问题对于提高所有人群的健康和福祉至关重要。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Racial Disparities in Occupational Distribution Among Black and White Adults with Similar Educational Levels: Analysis of Middle-Aged and Older Individuals in the Health and Retirement Study.

Background: Occupational classes play a significant role in influencing both individual and population health, serving as a vital conduit through which higher education can lead to better health outcomes. However, the pathway from education to corresponding occupational classes does not apply uniformly across different racial and ethnic groups, hindered by factors such as social stratification, labor market discrimination, and job segregation.

Aims: This study seeks to investigate the relationship between educational attainment and occupational classes among Black, Latino, and White middle-aged and older adults, with a focus on their transition into retirement.

Methods: Using cross-sectional data from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), this research examines the impact of race/ethnicity, educational attainment, occupational classes, and timing of retirement among middle-aged and older adults. The analysis includes a sample of 7,096 individuals identified as White, Black, or Latino. Through logistic regression, we assess the additive and multiplicative effects of race/ethnicity and education on six defined occupational classes: 1. Managerial and specialty operations, 2. Professional Specialty, 3. Sales, 4. Clerical/administrative support, 5. Services, and 6. Manual labor.

Results: Participants were Black (n = 1,143) or White (n =5,953). This included Latino (N =459) or non-Latino (n = 6,634). Our analysis reveals a skewed distribution of Black and Latino adults in manual and service occupations, in stark contrast to White adults who were more commonly found in clerical/administrative and managerial positions. Educational attainment did not equate to similar occupational outcomes across racial groups. Key findings include: Firstly, Black individuals with a college degree or higher were less likely to occupy clerical and administrative positions compared to their White counterparts. Secondly, holding a General Educational Development (GED) credential or some college education was generally linked to reduced likelihood of being in managerial roles; however, this inverse relationship was less evident among Black middle-aged and older adults than White ones. Thirdly, having a GED reduced the chances of working in sales roles, while having a college degree increased such chances. An interaction between race and some college education revealed that the impact of some college education on sales roles was more significant for Black adults than for White ones. We did not observe any interaction between ethnicity (Latino) and educational attainment on occupational classes. Given the stability of occupational classes, these findings could also apply to the last occupation held prior to retirement.

Conclusion: This study highlights significant racial disparities in occupational classes among individuals with comparable levels of education, underscoring the profound implications for health and wellbeing disparities. Future research should explore strategies to alleviate labor market discrimination and job segregation as ways to close these occupational gaps. Additionally, the influence of social stratification, job segregation, and historical legacies, such as the repercussions of the Jim Crow era, on these disparities merits further investigation. Addressing these issues is crucial for enhancing the health and wellbeing of all populations.

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