Recent advances in 3D bioprinting of polysaccharide-based bioinks for fabrication of bioengineered tissues

Bioink in three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting of biomimetic tissue scaffolds has emerged as a key factor for the success of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. The bioinks used for extrusion 3D bioprinting have hydrogel matrices with different kinds of polymeric biomaterials such as proteins, peptides, polysaccharides, hydrophilic synthetic polymers, and others. Natural polysaccharides such as alginate, chitosan, and hyaluronic acid have garnered significant attention as bioink materials due to their excellent biocompatibility, extracellular matrix mimetic properties, biodegradability, injectability, bioprintablilty and structural versatility among their many advantages, even though many research groups focus on the study of protein-based bioinks to utilize their high potential of cell adhesiveness. This review encompasses recent advancements of polysaccharide-based hydrogels and bioinks for bioengineered tissue regeneration and reconstruction, especially by focusing on fabrication of multilayered complex structures for biomimetic tissue engineering applications.