Pharmacological and Nonpharmacological Interventions for Prevention and Management of Pulmonary Embolism in Patients with Cardiac Comorbidities: A Literature Review

Pulmonary embolism (PE) presents significant healthcare challenges and potentially life-threatening consequences, demanding a nuanced approach to management. This systematic review aimed to critically evaluate available pharmacological and nonpharmacological interventions for PE, analyzing their efficacy and safety in patients with cardiac comorbiditie, ranging from traditional anticoagulants like warfarin to novel direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) or thrombolytic therapies is commercially available options with varying benefits and limitations. Nonpharmacological interventions, including catheter-directed therapies and embolectomy, provide alternative avenues, especially when thrombolysis is contraindicated despite advancements, and gaps persist, particularly in reconciling efficacy with safety profiles and optimizing resource allocation. Addressing these challenges necessitates a multidisciplinary approach, integrating clinical expertise with evidence-based practices. By exploring these interventions' intricacies and implications, this review aims to inform clinicians, researchers, and policymakers, fostering improved care pathways and better outcomes for patients facing the complex landscape of PE management.