刑事诉讼中的证人豁免:从理论到实践

T. Yu. Markova
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摘要

俄罗斯联邦宪法》和《俄罗斯联邦刑事诉讼法典》规定了一项名为 "证人豁免权 "的条款。这是一种权利,使用该权利可使诉讼参与者不因其言行而伤害自己及其近亲。在刑事诉讼的各个阶段,许多参与者都享有这一权利。确保落实证人豁免权的工作由国家机关和进行刑事诉讼的官员(调查员、侦查员、检察官和法院)负责。本文分析了《俄罗斯联邦宪法》和《俄罗斯联邦刑事诉讼法典》中有关证人豁免权的规定。其中规定俄罗斯联邦宪法》第 51 条的内容比《俄罗斯联邦刑事诉讼法典》第 5 条第 40 款的内容更广泛。俄罗斯联邦宪法》第 51 条比《俄罗斯联邦刑事诉讼法典》第 5 条第 40 款的内容更广泛,后者要求使《俄罗斯联邦刑事诉讼法典》的规范与《俄罗斯联邦宪法》相一致。结论是《俄罗斯联邦刑事诉讼法典》对证人豁免权的澄清和执行程序没有充分的法律规定,这导致初 步调查机构的工作出现某些违规行为,但俄罗斯联邦宪法法院的澄清和既定司法实践对其进行了部分补 偿。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Witness immunity in criminal proceedings: from theory to practice
The Constitution of the Russian Federation and the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation establish a provision called witness immunity. This is a right, the use of which allows a participant in the process not to harm himself and his close relatives with his words or actions. This right is granted to many participants at all stages of criminal proceedings. Ensuring the implementation of the right to witness immunity is entrusted to state bodies and officials conducting criminal proceedings (investigator, investigator, prosecutor and court). The article analyzes the provisions on witness immunity contained in the Constitution of the Russian Federation and the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation for their compliance. It is stated that Art. 51 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation has a broader content than paragraph 40 of Art. 5 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation, which requires bringing the norms of the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation into conformity with the Constitution of the Russian Federation. It is concluded that the procedure for clarification and implementation of the right to witness immunity does not have sufficient legal regulation in the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation, which leads to certain violations in the work of the preliminary investigation bodies, but is partly compensated by clarifications of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation and established judicial practice.
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