SonoMyoNet: A Convolutional Neural Network for Predicting Isometric Force From Highly Sparse Ultrasound Images

Ultrasound imaging or sonomyography has been found to be a robust modality for measuring muscle activity due to its ability to image deep-seated muscles directly while providing superior spatiotemporal specificity compared with surface electromyography-based techniques. Quantifying the morphological changes during muscle activity involves computationally expensive approaches for tracking muscle anatomical structures or extracting features from brightness-mode (B-mode) images and amplitude-mode signals. This article uses an offline regression convolutional neural network called SonoMyoNet to estimate continuous isometric force from sparse ultrasound scanlines. SonoMyoNet learns features from a few equispaced scanlines selected from B-mode images and utilizes the learned features to estimate continuous isometric force accurately. The performance of SonoMyoNet was evaluated by varying the number of scanlines to simulate the placement of multiple single-element ultrasound transducers in a wearable system. Results showed that SonoMyoNet could accurately predict isometric force with just four scanlines and is immune to speckle noise and shifts in the scanline location. Thus, the proposed network reduces the computational load involved in feature tracking algorithms and estimates muscle force from the global features of sparse ultrasound images.