早期教会会议的行为:托马斯-格劳曼(Thomas Graumann)的《制作与特征》(评论

IF 0.5 0 HUMANITIES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY
Alexander H. Pierce
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Graumann's latest contribution, <em>The Acts of Early Church Councils: Production and Character</em>, offers a window into the complex and largely unpredictable operations underlying extant conciliar acts and canons. As Graumann explains, the method of his examination is to attend at one and the same time to concurrent descriptions of conciliar documentation and to retrospective assessments of those documents in later conciliar contexts. Together, these vantage points enable Graumann to reconstruct the likely \"expectations and conventions\" for conciliar acts and the various constituents thereof (7).</p> <p>Graumann's study focuses on conciliar texts of \"session-protocols that present themselves as the direct records of 'live' oral interventions by individual speakers\" (9). Although Graumann draws upon numerous records of this kind, the predominant sources of his study include the Conference at Carthage <strong>[End Page 287]</strong> (411), the Council of Ephesus (431), and the Council of Chalcedon (451). The book contains five parts:</p> <ol> <li> <p>I. The Quest for Documentation</p> </li> <li> <p>II. \"Reading\" and \"Using\" Acts</p> </li> <li> <p>III. \"Writing\" Acts: The Council's Secretariat in Action</p> </li> <li> <p>IV. The Written Record</p> </li> <li> <p>V. Files, Collections, Editions: Dossierization and Dissemination</p> </li> </ol> <p>The first part includes three chapters. Chapter one provides a historical overview of early church councils and their documents. Graumann describes the increasing role of church councils as an institution in the life of the church and summarizes the diverse and complicated processes required to facilitate the documentation that supported their institutional functions. Chapter two explores the wide range of characteristics and qualities constitutive of what are commonly referred to as conciliar \"acts.\" The third chapter examines the Conference at Carthage (411) as a most vivid example of the technical strategies employed to ensure a reliable conciliar record. That this conference involved the contested parties of Catholics and Donatists in Africa Proconsularis meant that particular care and clarity was required to secure a trustworthy record that could speak to the present imperial outcome but also remain reliable for posterity.</p> <p>Part 2 contains four chapters. The fourth chapter draws upon two imperial inquiries in April of 449 into the trial of the archimandrite Eutyches the previous year as well as Augustine's awaiting official documents to respond to the 415 Synod of Diospolis. 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Chapter 7 examines the ecumenical councils of Constantinople III (680/681) and Nicaea II (787) to validate further the notion witnessed at Chalcedon (451) that the visual appearance of conciliar records was integral to the authority and reliability posterity would assign to them.</p> <p>The third part, which includes chapters 8 to 10, attends to the practices and intentions underlying the complex processes that led from live sessions to final, redacted conciliar <em>acta</em>. In chapter 8, Graumann considers evidence from several councils to describe the administrative persons—for example, scribes (<em>scribae</em>), notaries (<em>notarii</em>), and speed-writers (<em>exceptores</em>)—and practices employed by council presidents to produce official protocols. 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引用次数: 0

摘要

以下是内容的简要摘录,以代替摘要:评论者 The Acts of Early Church Councils:Thomas Graumann 著 Alexander H. Pierce 译 The Acts of Early Church Councils:托马斯-格劳曼 牛津大学出版社,2021 年:牛津大学出版社,2021 年。第 xii + 333 页。ISBN: 978-0-1988-6817-0 托马斯-格劳曼(Thomas Graumann)是剑桥大学古代基督教史和教父学研究教授,他对晚期古代和中世纪教会会议的现代研究做出了巨大贡献。格劳曼的最新著作《早期教会会议的行为》(The Acts of Early Church Councils:格劳曼的最新著作《早期教会会议的法令:产生与特征》为我们了解现存教会会议法令和教规背后复杂而又难以预测的运作提供了一个窗口。正如格劳曼所解释的,他的研究方法是同时关注对教会会议文件的描述以及在后来的教会会议背景下对这些文件的回顾性评估。这些有利条件使格劳曼得以重建对教会行为及其各种构成要素的可能 "期望和惯例"(7)。格劳曼的研究重点是 "会议协议 "的教会文本,这些协议直接记录了个别发言人的 "现场 "口头发言 (9)。尽管格劳曼参考了大量此类记录,但他研究的主要资料来源包括迦太基会议 [尾页 287](411)、以弗所会议(431)和卡尔西顿会议(451)。本书包括五个部分: I. 对文献的探索 II."阅读 "和 "使用 "使徒行传 III."撰写 "文书:安理会秘书处的行动 IV.书面记录 V.第一部分包括三章。第一章概述了早期教会会议及其文件的历史。格劳曼描述了教会会议作为教会生活中的一个机构所发挥的日益重要的作用,并总结了为支持其机构职能而促进文献工作所需的多样而复杂的过程。第二章探讨了构成通常所说的教会 "行为 "的广泛特征和品质。第三章研究了迦太基会议(411 年),它是为确保可靠的教会记录而采用的技术策略的最生动的例子。这次会议涉及到了非洲主教会议中天主教徒和多纳图派之间的争论,这意味着需要特别谨慎和清晰,以确保记录可信,既能说明当前的帝国结果,又能为后世留下可靠的记录。第 2 部分包括四章。第四章借鉴了帝国在 449 年 4 月对大主教欧迪奇在前一年的审判进行的两次调查,以及奥古斯丁等待官方文件以回应 415 年的迪奥斯波利斯宗教会议。格拉曼通过这两件事说明,在审查早期的审判和会议时,只有完全真实的原始记录(重正本而轻伪本)或官方协议(ecclesiastica gesta)才是足够的。第 5 章以这一讨论为基础,说明将真实的会议记录(schedarion)转录到一卷纸莎草纸(最常见)上如何让我们得出各种结论。一卷纸莎草纸的物理形式可作为宗教会议记录可能真实性的佐证,确定其与行政文本的相似性,决定了其在安排信息方面的承诺和限制,并要求一定的撰写方法。在第 6 章中,格劳曼进一步详细阐述了用于鉴定文件(无论是协议还是相关文件)真实性的实物和副文本特征的重要性。第 7 章研究了君士坦丁堡第三次大公会议(680/681 年)和尼西亚第二次大公会议(787 年),进一步验证了在卡尔西顿(451 年)见证的概念,即大公会议记录的视觉外观与后人赋予其的权威性和可靠性密不可分。第三部分包括第 8 章至第 10 章,关注从现场会议到最终编辑的宗教会议记录这一复杂过程背后的实践和意图。在第 8 章中,格劳曼考虑了来自几个会议的证据,描述了会议主席在制作官方协议时所使用的行政人员--例如抄写员(scribae)、公证员(notarii)和速写员(exceptores)--和做法。第 9 章报告了对会议速记员的要求,即以会议记录的形式记录会议进程,以满足会议主席的议程并代表会议的共识。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
The Acts of Early Church Councils: Production and Character by Thomas Graumann (review)
In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:

Reviewed by:

  • The Acts of Early Church Councils: Production and Character by Thomas Graumann
  • Alexander H. Pierce
The Acts of Early Church Councils: Production and Character Thomas Graumann Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2021. Pp. xii + 333. ISBN: 978-0-1988-6817-0

Professor of Ancient Christian History and Patristics Studies at the University of Cambridge, Thomas Graumann has provided massive gains to the modern study of late antique and medieval church councils. Graumann's latest contribution, The Acts of Early Church Councils: Production and Character, offers a window into the complex and largely unpredictable operations underlying extant conciliar acts and canons. As Graumann explains, the method of his examination is to attend at one and the same time to concurrent descriptions of conciliar documentation and to retrospective assessments of those documents in later conciliar contexts. Together, these vantage points enable Graumann to reconstruct the likely "expectations and conventions" for conciliar acts and the various constituents thereof (7).

Graumann's study focuses on conciliar texts of "session-protocols that present themselves as the direct records of 'live' oral interventions by individual speakers" (9). Although Graumann draws upon numerous records of this kind, the predominant sources of his study include the Conference at Carthage [End Page 287] (411), the Council of Ephesus (431), and the Council of Chalcedon (451). The book contains five parts:

  1. I. The Quest for Documentation

  2. II. "Reading" and "Using" Acts

  3. III. "Writing" Acts: The Council's Secretariat in Action

  4. IV. The Written Record

  5. V. Files, Collections, Editions: Dossierization and Dissemination

The first part includes three chapters. Chapter one provides a historical overview of early church councils and their documents. Graumann describes the increasing role of church councils as an institution in the life of the church and summarizes the diverse and complicated processes required to facilitate the documentation that supported their institutional functions. Chapter two explores the wide range of characteristics and qualities constitutive of what are commonly referred to as conciliar "acts." The third chapter examines the Conference at Carthage (411) as a most vivid example of the technical strategies employed to ensure a reliable conciliar record. That this conference involved the contested parties of Catholics and Donatists in Africa Proconsularis meant that particular care and clarity was required to secure a trustworthy record that could speak to the present imperial outcome but also remain reliable for posterity.

Part 2 contains four chapters. The fourth chapter draws upon two imperial inquiries in April of 449 into the trial of the archimandrite Eutyches the previous year as well as Augustine's awaiting official documents to respond to the 415 Synod of Diospolis. Graumann uses these two episodes to show that, in reviewing earlier trials and councils, only the fully authentic original record (prizing authentica over antigrapha) or official protocol (ecclesiastica gesta) would suffice. Chapter 5 builds on this discussion by illustrating how the transcription of the authentic council record (the schedarion) onto a roll of papyrus (most commonly) allows us to draw a variety of conclusions. The physical form of a roll functions as supporting evidence for conciliar records' probable authenticity, established their resemblance to administrative texts, dictated their promise and limitations for arranging information, and required certain compositional practices. In chapter 6, Graumann goes into further detail regarding the importance of the physical and paratextual features used for authenticating documents, whether protocols or associated files. Chapter 7 examines the ecumenical councils of Constantinople III (680/681) and Nicaea II (787) to validate further the notion witnessed at Chalcedon (451) that the visual appearance of conciliar records was integral to the authority and reliability posterity would assign to them.

The third part, which includes chapters 8 to 10, attends to the practices and intentions underlying the complex processes that led from live sessions to final, redacted conciliar acta. In chapter 8, Graumann considers evidence from several councils to describe the administrative persons—for example, scribes (scribae), notaries (notarii), and speed-writers (exceptores)—and practices employed by council presidents to produce official protocols. Chapter 9 reports on the demands placed upon conciliar stenographers in giving voice to the proceedings in the form of minutes that fulfilled the agenda of the council president and represented the consensus of...

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Journal of Late Antiquity
Journal of Late Antiquity HUMANITIES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY-
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