{"title":"两种窗花绿兰Diplodium spp.(兰科:紫檀属)对太阳的固定非随机定向(conversotropism);对其他窗花和授粉者行为的影响","authors":"Colin Bower","doi":"10.1093/botlinnean/boae023","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"Many plant species orient their flowers to the Sun. Such orientations may be dynamic (heliotropism or solar tracking) or static, adopting fixed non-random azimuths to points on the daily arc of the Sun (conversotropism as defined herein). Two cauline greenhood orchid species, Diplodium reflexum and D. ampliatum (Pterostylidinae), are shown to be negatively conversotropic and non-heliotropic. Cauline greenhoods are trap and window flowers having large translucent light panels that glow when backlit flowers are viewed from the front. Conversotropism in greenhoods is thought to maximize light transmission through the window panels to manipulate the behaviour of fungus gnat pollinators. Conversotropism is so far documented in only seven species in five plant families, but is likely to be more widespread. The general characteristics of conversotropism are summarized and a new two stage model of window function in greenhoods is proposed. Window flowers in the Lady Slipper orchids (Cypripedium) and in Arums of the genus Arisaema are also predicted to be conversotropic. The evolution of conversotropism in cauline greenhoods highlights the importance of floral windows in these orchids. The highly unusual trap flowers may use light both as a pollinator attractant and repellent at different stages of the pollination process. Greenhoods appear to exploit the instinct of flies to escape confinement and the behaviours enabling it. This probably also applies to other trap flowers and adds insect escape behaviours to the many other drives, instincts, and behaviours exploited by plants for pollination.","PeriodicalId":9178,"journal":{"name":"Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society","volume":"118 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3000,"publicationDate":"2024-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Fixed non-random orientation to the Sun (conversotropism) in two window-flowered greenhood orchids, Diplodium spp. (Orchidaceae: Pterostylidinae); implications for other window flowers and pollinator behaviour\",\"authors\":\"Colin Bower\",\"doi\":\"10.1093/botlinnean/boae023\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"Many plant species orient their flowers to the Sun. Such orientations may be dynamic (heliotropism or solar tracking) or static, adopting fixed non-random azimuths to points on the daily arc of the Sun (conversotropism as defined herein). Two cauline greenhood orchid species, Diplodium reflexum and D. ampliatum (Pterostylidinae), are shown to be negatively conversotropic and non-heliotropic. Cauline greenhoods are trap and window flowers having large translucent light panels that glow when backlit flowers are viewed from the front. Conversotropism in greenhoods is thought to maximize light transmission through the window panels to manipulate the behaviour of fungus gnat pollinators. Conversotropism is so far documented in only seven species in five plant families, but is likely to be more widespread. The general characteristics of conversotropism are summarized and a new two stage model of window function in greenhoods is proposed. Window flowers in the Lady Slipper orchids (Cypripedium) and in Arums of the genus Arisaema are also predicted to be conversotropic. The evolution of conversotropism in cauline greenhoods highlights the importance of floral windows in these orchids. The highly unusual trap flowers may use light both as a pollinator attractant and repellent at different stages of the pollination process. Greenhoods appear to exploit the instinct of flies to escape confinement and the behaviours enabling it. This probably also applies to other trap flowers and adds insect escape behaviours to the many other drives, instincts, and behaviours exploited by plants for pollination.\",\"PeriodicalId\":9178,\"journal\":{\"name\":\"Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society\",\"volume\":\"118 1\",\"pages\":\"\"},\"PeriodicalIF\":2.3000,\"publicationDate\":\"2024-04-29\",\"publicationTypes\":\"Journal Article\",\"fieldsOfStudy\":null,\"isOpenAccess\":false,\"openAccessPdf\":\"\",\"citationCount\":\"0\",\"resultStr\":null,\"platform\":\"Semanticscholar\",\"paperid\":null,\"PeriodicalName\":\"Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society\",\"FirstCategoryId\":\"99\",\"ListUrlMain\":\"https://doi.org/10.1093/botlinnean/boae023\",\"RegionNum\":2,\"RegionCategory\":\"生物学\",\"ArticlePicture\":[],\"TitleCN\":null,\"AbstractTextCN\":null,\"PMCID\":null,\"EPubDate\":\"\",\"PubModel\":\"\",\"JCR\":\"Q2\",\"JCRName\":\"PLANT SCIENCES\",\"Score\":null,\"Total\":0}","platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society","FirstCategoryId":"99","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1093/botlinnean/boae023","RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q2","JCRName":"PLANT SCIENCES","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
摘要
许多植物物种都将花朵对准太阳。这种定向可能是动态的(向日葵或太阳跟踪),也可能是静态的,采用固定的非随机方位角,指向太阳日弧线上的点(本文定义的会向性)。两个茎生绿球兰物种 Diplodium reflexum 和 D. ampliatum(翼手目)被证明具有负向辐向性和非向日性。茎生绿球花是一种诱捕花和窗花,具有大型半透明光板,当从正面观察背光花朵时,光板会发光。人们认为,绿萝的同向性是为了最大限度地提高透光窗板的透光率,从而操纵真菌蚋传粉者的行为。迄今为止,只有五个植物科的七个物种记录了同向性,但这种现象可能更为普遍。本文总结了会向性的一般特征,并提出了一个新的绿色植物窗口功能两阶段模型。据预测,瓢唇形兰(Cypripedium)和旱金莲属(Arisaema)中的窗花也具有会向性。茎生绿叶植物的会向性进化凸显了花窗在这些兰科植物中的重要性。这种极不寻常的陷阱花可能在授粉过程的不同阶段既利用光来吸引授粉者,又利用光来驱赶授粉者。绿萝似乎利用了苍蝇逃避束缚的本能和行为。这可能也适用于其他诱虫花,并将昆虫的逃逸行为添加到植物为授粉而利用的许多其他驱动力、本能和行为中。
Fixed non-random orientation to the Sun (conversotropism) in two window-flowered greenhood orchids, Diplodium spp. (Orchidaceae: Pterostylidinae); implications for other window flowers and pollinator behaviour
Many plant species orient their flowers to the Sun. Such orientations may be dynamic (heliotropism or solar tracking) or static, adopting fixed non-random azimuths to points on the daily arc of the Sun (conversotropism as defined herein). Two cauline greenhood orchid species, Diplodium reflexum and D. ampliatum (Pterostylidinae), are shown to be negatively conversotropic and non-heliotropic. Cauline greenhoods are trap and window flowers having large translucent light panels that glow when backlit flowers are viewed from the front. Conversotropism in greenhoods is thought to maximize light transmission through the window panels to manipulate the behaviour of fungus gnat pollinators. Conversotropism is so far documented in only seven species in five plant families, but is likely to be more widespread. The general characteristics of conversotropism are summarized and a new two stage model of window function in greenhoods is proposed. Window flowers in the Lady Slipper orchids (Cypripedium) and in Arums of the genus Arisaema are also predicted to be conversotropic. The evolution of conversotropism in cauline greenhoods highlights the importance of floral windows in these orchids. The highly unusual trap flowers may use light both as a pollinator attractant and repellent at different stages of the pollination process. Greenhoods appear to exploit the instinct of flies to escape confinement and the behaviours enabling it. This probably also applies to other trap flowers and adds insect escape behaviours to the many other drives, instincts, and behaviours exploited by plants for pollination.
期刊介绍:
The Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society publishes original papers on systematic and evolutionary botany and comparative studies of both living and fossil plants. Review papers are also welcomed which integrate fields such as cytology, morphogenesis, palynology and phytochemistry into a taxonomic framework. The Journal will only publish new taxa in exceptional circumstances or as part of larger monographic or phylogenetic revisions.