An Improved Continuum Approach for Unconsolidated Formations on the Field Scale

With the development of unconventional resources, such as oil sands and methane hydrate reservoirs, the importance of the mechanical performance model for underground unconsolidated rocks has increased significantly. The commonly used numerical approach for unconsolidated rocks is the discrete-element method (DEM). However, the extensive calculations required by the DEM make it inadequate for simulating unconsolidated rock behavior on a field scale. An alternative is the continuum approach, used to simulate the behavior of unconsolidated rocks on the field scale. In previous continuum approaches, unconsolidated rocks have been modeled as a visco-plastic fluid (i.e., Bingham fluid). The continuum approach based on visco-plastic fluid uses pressure (scalar) to describe the stress state of the particles. However, this approach does not account for the difference between the maximum and minimum principal stresses of the in-situ stress field when simulating the mechanical performance of unconsolidated rocks. Here, we developed an improved continuum approach for unconsolidated rocks and used the finite-element method as a numerical approach. Our improved model can consider the difference between the maximum and minimum principal stresses of the in-situ stress field and the pore pressure of the unconsolidated formation. We validated our numerical model with the angle of repose test, a benchmark problem for unconsolidated rocks. The validation results confirm the accuracy of our unconsolidated model. For the coupled model between the unconsolidated model and the flow model, we used an analytical solution to verify its reliability. Unconsolidated rock performances in an unconsolidated reservoir with fluid injection have been investigated based on our coupled model. The simulation results show that injection can activate the movement of unconsolidated rock particles, leading to changes in the distribution of effective stress and permeability. Our model has the potential to address large-scale unconsolidated rock issues and contribute to energy extraction.