养老金政策与提前退休:来自伊朗反事实分析的新证据

Saeed Malek Sadati, Abbas Khandan, Maliheh Hadadmoghadam
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摘要

与全球平均水平相比,伊朗老年劳动者的退出率明显高于中年劳动者,这提出了一个假设,即社会保障的慷慨将老年劳动者拉入提前退休的行列。我们利用伊朗社会保障组织(ISSO)独特的个人数据集,包括 2016 年和 2018 年新退休的 267 000 人,来评估伊朗社会保障组织的养老金政策对员工退休年龄的影响。在反事实评估设计中,本研究首先估算了继续工作的隐性税收,然后应用了赫克曼两阶段选择模型。研究结果表明,ISSO 决定退出年龄和福利资格的退休规则显著提高了退休概率,同时降低了退休年龄。此外,反映 ISSO 福利计算公式的继续工作隐含税对退休概率有显著的正向影响。替代率对退休年龄也有显著的负面影响。从事危险工作的退休概率高于从事普通工作的退休概率,而豁免则会大大降低危险工作持有者的退休年龄。为了保持该计划的可持续性,改革的目标必须是提高法定退休年龄、降低应计比率、计算更长期限的参考工资以及降低危险工作的豁免系数。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Pension policies and early retirement: New evidence from a counterfactual analysis in Iran
Compared to the global average, the exit rate of old-aged Iranian labourers is significantly higher than that of middle-aged, raising the hypothesis that social security generosity pulls older workers into early retirement. We used a unique individual dataset of Iran’s Social Security Organization (ISSO), including 267, 000 newly retired in 2016 and 2018, to assess the impact of ISSO’s pension policies on employees’ retirement age. In a counterfactual evaluation design, this study first estimated the implicit tax on work continuation and then applied the Heckman two-stage selection model. The findings show that ISSO’s retirement rules determining the age of exit and benefit eligibilities significantly increase the retirement probability and simultaneously decline the retirement age. Moreover, the implicit tax on work continuation, which reflects ISSO’s benefit formula, has a significant positive effect on retirement probability. The replacement rate also has a significant negative impact on retirement age. The retirement probability in hazardous jobs is higher than in normal ones, while exemptions significantly fall the outflow age of hazardous job holders. To maintain the scheme’s sustainability, reforms have to target an increase in the statutory retirement age, a reduction in the accrual rate, the calculation of reference salary for more extended periods, and the decline of the exemption coefficient for hazardous jobs.
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