Teachers’ and parents’ perspectives on citizenship education in Turkey: Consensus and disagreements

Citizenship education (CE) in Turkey holds a pivotal role in shaping the civic consciousness of forthcoming generations. This study employs Q methodology to analyze the perspectives of teachers and parents regarding CE in Turkey, examining their viewpoints in the context of the political structure. The research reveals both consensus and disagreement among teachers and parents. Despite significant differences between teachers and parents, a consensus emerges on the importance of reinforcing national identity through CE. Moreover, there is a prevalent perspective on citizenship that exhibits limited tolerance for differences. The perspectives identified in the study reflect the political polarization present in Turkey. Some perspectives adopt a nationalist understanding rooted in Islamic foundations, influenced by the political power in the country, while others adhere to a secular nationalism based on the principles of Kemalism. These findings underscore the necessity for all facets of CE to embrace a more comprehensive perspective that promotes tolerance and democratic values.