A Comprehensive Review on Cancer Immunotherapy in Veterinary Medicine

According to a World Health Organization (WHO) estimate, cancer is one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide, expected to claim the lives of almost 10 million people in 2020. It is estimated that 30% of cancer incidences in low- and lower-middle-income countries are caused by diseases like hepatitis and HPV. Many tumours are treatable if detected early and treated properly. The most common malignancies in dogs include transmissible venereal tumours, mammary gland tumours (breast cancer), spleen cancer, skin cancer, lymphatic cancer, gum tumours (epulis cancer), and eye cancer. The frequency of canine cancer cases in India has been rising quickly.   The fast-developing fields of cancer immunology and immunotherapy have revolutionized how cancer is seen and treated. The process of immunotherapy involves using the body's immune system to locate and destroy cancer cells. New immunotherapy medications that selectively target cancer cells while sparing healthy cells have been developed as a result of advancements in immunology. The present study reviews the cause, impacts and effects of Cancer along with the feasibility of Immunotherapy as a cure for the cancer. Checkpoint inhibitors, monoclonal antibodies, vaccinations, and adoptive cell therapy are a few types of immunotherapies. To more effectively target these malignancies, researchers are exploring novel immunotherapy techniques such as oncolytic virotherapy or CAR T-cell treatment. Researchers are working to develop biomarkers to identify which patients would benefit most from immunotherapy. Different immunotherapies have been used by veterinary medicine researchers to treat canine neoplasms. These include the use of "caninized" mAb against canine PD-L1 in dogs that have metastatic melanoma, IL-12 electrogene treatment for mast cell tumours in dogs, and hTyr-specific T cells for stage II and III melanoma. This review discusses several immunotherapy approaches for cancer and their outcomes.