Effects of age and captivity on the social structure and migration survival of a critically endangered bird

Reintroductions of threatened species is a conservation strategy utilised around the world. Unfortunately, many translocated individuals have poor rates of survival post-release. If released individuals are unable to socially integrate into wild populations, they might lose the safety of the group or fail to learn critical skills. We examined the effects of age and captivity on sociality and migration survival for the critically endangered orange-bellied parrot (Neophema chrysogaster). As part of recovery efforts, adult birds are released in spring to contribute to breeding and juveniles are released in autumn prior to migration. Historically, captive-bred adults have low rates of migration survival, whereas captive and wild juveniles survive at comparable rates. We investigated both the long-term impacts of captivity on sociality and how sociality impacted migration survival by constructing social networks and comparing captive and wild birds of different age classes. We found no differences between captive and wild birds, suggesting that released birds integrated into the population. However, juveniles were more strongly connected and demonstrated greater network stability than adults. While we found no impact of sociality on survival, our results provide evidence of different migration strategies previously described for juveniles and adults: adults depart in small groups and juveniles depart as a larger flock a few weeks later. We suggest that the low migration survival of captive-bred adults may be attributable to this cohort missing the juvenile flocking phase. These results suggest that a juvenile developmental phase may be impactful in this species for future survival.