Evolution of Energy Efficient Wireless Sensor Network: A Survey on Energy and Clustering Issues

In different fields of human endeavor, wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are being developed to collect, aggregate, fuse, and send data  collected by a wide range of sensors in real-time. When developing a wireless network's data transmission routing system, energy  consumption is among the most essential components. Designing an energy-efficient (WSN) routing framework is challenging. Several  energyefficient routing algorithms exist for effectively transferring data packets between cluster members (CM) and cluster heads (CH).  Some suggest the change of state of the nodes that made up the network from active to sleep in the event where the nodes are not  sensing of sending data as a method of energy optimisation while others reduce the distance between the nodes because the distance  between nodes is directly proportional to the amount of energy use during data transmission. Whatever the method may be, achieving  reduced energy consumption in a WSN environment is an enormous task due to the need for both long network life and network  efficiency. This paper reviews some research and energy saving techniques that had been carried out on WSN over a period of time.