Recent approaches towards characterization, genetic, and genomic perspectives of genus Lilium

Lilium is known as one of the most primitive cut flowers produced commercially in diverse regions of the Northern Hemisphere. Most of the cultivars derived from Longiflorum, Asiatic, Trumpet, and Oriental, and their interspecific hybrids (Longiflorum × Asiatic; Oriental × Asiatic; Oriental × Trumpet and Longiflorum × Oriental) are typically derived from Asiatic origin. It is further split into seven diverse subsections based on prime genetic factors: Lilium, Martagon, Archelirion, Pseudolirium, SinoMartagon, Oxypetalum, and Leucolirion. Some of the lilies i.e. L. lancifolium and L. regale are also used for medicinal purposes due to their antioxidant activities and are consumed as vegetables. Evaluation based on genetic diversity for desired traits (flower color, plant structure, biotic and abiotic stresses, growth pattern, etc.) depends on the choice of a researcher's interest. Characterization based on molecular analysis has been reported for different characters like RFLPs (Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism) to check the hybrid parentage, RAPD (Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA) to evaluate diversity and genome purity ecologically, SSRs (Simple Sequence Repeats) markers performed to check the gene pattern, ISSRs (Inter Simple Sequence Repeats) to spot the mutation causing object and SNPs (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism) to identify specific loci for population structure or other genetic diversity traits etc. Nowadays, cytogenetic research including fluorescence and genomic in situ hybridization (FISH & GISH) have evolved as evolutionary practices to identify the chromosomes of labeled DNA, the location of genes, and genomic interspecies dissemination. Conservation of Lilium especially the endangered species could be rescued through in situ and ex-situ protection methods for the next generation production, and to keep it safe from the multistresses.