Landslide susceptibility assessment along the Karakoram highway, Gilgit Baltistan, Pakistan: A comparative study between ensemble and neighbor-based machine learning algorithms

This study addressed the complex challenges associated with landslide detection along the Karakoram Highway (KKH), where tectonic events and data availability limitations posed significant obstacles. To overcome these hurdles, the research framework encompassed several critical components. First, it tackled the issue of multicollinearity through the application of statistical measures such as Variable Inflation Factor (VIF) and Information Gain (IG). Secondly, the study emphasized the importance of selecting a study area that would comprehensively represent the multivariate landscape, with KKH serving as an illustrative example. In striving for an equilibrium between implementation ease and algorithmic performance, the research favored the adoption of Random Forest (RF) and Extremely Randomized Trees (EXT) over XGBoost. Lastly, to fine-tune the algorithms and optimize their parameters, the study employed Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and evaluated their performance using metrics like the Area Under the Curve (AUC). Remarkably, this comprehensive approach yielded accuracy rates exceeding 90% for all algorithms tested (RF, EXT, and K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN)), with specific AUC values of 0.967, 0.968, and 0.914, respectively. These findings offer invaluable insights into enhancing disaster prevention strategies and informing land-use planning efforts along the KKH highway.