Heat transfer analysis of ternary hybrid nanofluid through variable characteristic porous medium: Non-similar approach

This paper aims at developing non-similar solutions for heat transfer augmentation in ternary hybrid nanofluids. Nanofluid is composed of three distinct (Silver, Copper, Aluminum oxide) nanosize particles while water is considered as a base fluid. Darcy–Forchheimer expression with variable porosity and permeability is adopted. Joule heating and viscous dissipations are also considered. Non-similar approach is utilized. Numerical solutions are computed by bvp4c solver of MATLAB. Graphical illustrations for flow and thermal fields behavior are provided. Comparative results are obtained for ternary hybrid nanofluid and nanoliquid. Physical quantities such as skin drag coefficient and Nusselt number are computed and interpreted. Our results reveal that rate of heat transfer augments substantially for Ag/water nanofluid in comparison to other classes of nanofluid.