English in Dutch‐speaking Europe: Features, competence, domains and status

After a description of the area in Europe where Dutch is an official language, the historical developments are discussed that resulted in differences between the Netherlands and Dutch‐speaking Belgium (Flanders) in attitude towards Dutch and foreign languages. Next, features of English in these areas, its effects on Inner Circle and other speakers of English and norms strived for are dealt with. English competence is described on the basis of learning objectives for English and results of large‐scale studies. Subsequently, domains where English is used are described: education, scientific research, business, songs. Finally, the attitude of the Dutch and Flemish towards English is outlined. These data are considered in the perspective of the Outer or Expanding Circle status of English. In both the Netherlands and Flanders English does not have second language status, but is the first foreign language, although French has that status by law in Flanders.