Study of CD4+ T-lymphocytes in chronic kidney disease patients with COVID-19 infection.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a functional and/or structural kidney damage that lasts more than three months duration. This study aimed to analyze CD4+ T-lymphocytes levels in chronic CKD patients specifically, during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic to assess the adaptive cell-mediated immunity. The study measured absolute CD4+ T-lymphocytes counts by flowcytometry among participating individuals. The study included 146 subjects, 40 CKD patients and tested positive for COVID-19, 44 CKD patients and tested negative for COVID-19 and 62 normal individuals as controls. There was a significant impact of COVID-19 infection in CKD patients showing lower absolute CD4+ T-lymphocytes values to more than six folds compared to the control individuals (Odds Ratio: 72.63, p= 0.0001). Also, there was a significant correlation between the decrease in absolute CD4+ T-lymphocytes counts and the advanced stages of CKD. Therefore, the study indicated that CKD causes an obvious alteration in the body immune system as decreased CD4+ T-lymphocytes levels alongside with the advanced CKD stages. While COVID-19 infection exposes CKD patients to be 50% more likely to express lower values of CD4+ T-lymphocytes levels compared to the negative tested CKD patients. In conclusion, poor immune response and increased morbidity and mortality could be correlated with CKD patients especially when associated with COVID-19 infection as comorbidity.