Simultaneous Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma and Primary Hyperparathyroidism: Unusual Presentation

The coexistence of Primary Hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) with Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma (PTC) is a rare clinical occurrence. Thyroid pathology is reported in 20% to 84% of Primary Hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) cases, with malignancies identified in 2% to 20% of instances. We report a case of a 49-year-old woman referred for evaluation of left iliac wing and hip pain with elevated parathyroid hormone levels. Imaging revealed a toxic multinodular goiter with a parathyroid adenoma. The patient underwent total thyroidectomy with parathyroid adenoma excision. Subsequent histological examination unexpectedly identified a papillary thyroid microcarcinoma associated with the parathyroid adenoma. The association between PHPT and PTC is complex, influenced by shared embryological origins and genetic factors. Elevated PTH levels in PHPT may contribute to thyroid cell proliferation, and hypercalcemia is suggested to promote thyroid carcinogenesis. Molecular analyses suggest the involvement of pathways like MAPK and Wnt/β-catenin. The coexistence of PHPT and PTC highlights the necessity for thorough preoperative assessment and the ongoing need for research. While minimally invasive parathyroid surgery is favored, the risks associated with coexisting thyroid pathology should be carefully considered. Routine thyroid ultrasonography in PHPT patients is crucial to exclude nodular thyroid disease, emphasizing the role of research in guiding clinical practices. A balanced approach integrating technical advancements and thoughtful risk assessment is essential in navigating this complex clinical scenario.