Biogeographic analysis of population density of white-tailed deer in Mexico: Importance of the Protected Natural Areas and Wildlife Management Units

The white-tailed deer Odocoileus virginianus is the wildlife species with the greatest geographic distribution and economic importance in Mexico.  This article presents a biogeographic analysis of the population density of this deer species by federal states, vegetation types, biogeographic provinces, and field methods, based on 200 selected studies.  Estimates are highly variable and potentially biased due to the different field designs and statistical analyses.  The national average density was estimated at 6.9 deer/km2 (SD = 5.1); specifically, 75.5 % of the estimates were less than 10 deer/km2, and only 5.5 % were greater than 15 deer/km2.  The highest densities were obtained in the northern region by applying the strip transect counts; while estimations using the fecal group count method were more variable and were the most used method in temperate and tropical dry forest regions.  The states with the highest densities were Coahuila, Tamaulipas, Jalisco, Morelos, Michoacán, and Durango.  The highest densities were estimated in the xerophilous scrublands of the northeast, intermediate for temperate, tropical dry, and sub-deciduous forests; and the lowest in the tropical wet forest.  The highest densities were reported for the Tamaulipeca province followed by the Altiplano Chihuahuense, Sierra Madre Occidental, Costa Pacífica, and Depresión del Balsas.  The results of this analysis could guide management strategies for the conservation and sustainable use of this species in extensive UMAs and ANPs, and also to test ecological hypotheses.  However, applying more rigorous field design and statistical analysis is important to obtain confident estimates of population density and other demographic parameters to monitor population dynamics.