国际空间站上的近红外气辉照相机

L. Gelinas, J. Hecht, R. J. Rudy
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引用次数: 0

摘要

OH 气辉层是地球高层中间层的一个持久特征,其中心在海拔 87 千米附近,会受到大气重力波(AGW)和不稳定性的扰动。虽然地面气辉成像已被用于研究这些局部扰动,但这种技术受到对流层天气的限制。天基遥感为全球测量这些过程提供了一个平台。此外,OH 气辉波段的部分波段横跨大气窗口,允许对地面进行气辉照明,以便对夜间云层和地球地形特征进行成像。近红外气辉照相机(NIRAC)对 1.6 μm 波段的气辉进行成像,并在 2019 年 5 月至 2021 年 11 月部署到国际空间站(ISS)期间展示了这些应用。该照相机使用获得专利的运动补偿系统和定制的直角透镜,可在地面像素分辨率为 83 米的情况下进行多秒、几乎无污点的成像(∼<1.5 像素)。由于考虑到了视差因素,因此既能探测到 AGW,也能探测到气辉中的不稳定性,还能根据地形和云层高度对场景进行分析。NIRAC 还有一个用于云和地面成像的短曝光日间模式。本研究介绍了 NIRAC 及其在国际空间站上的运行情况,并举例说明了地球地形和表面现象(如火灾)、昼夜所有月相的云图像以及 80 千米高度以上 AGW 和不稳定性的夜间探测。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
The Near Infrared Airglow Camera on the International Space Station
The OH airglow layer is a persistent feature of the Earth’s upper mesosphere, centered near 87 km altitude, that can be perturbed by atmospheric gravity waves (AGWs) and instabilities. While ground-based airglow imaging has been used to study these perturbations locally, this technique is limited by tropospheric weather. Space-based remote sensing provides a platform to measure these processes globally. In addition, portions of the OH airglow band span an atmospheric window, allowing airglow illumination of the ground for imaging of nighttime clouds and Earth terrain features. The Near Infrared Airglow Camera (NIRAC) images the airglow at 1.6 μm and while deployed to the International Space Station (ISS) from 05/2019 – 11/2021 demonstrated these applications. The camera uses a patented motion-compensation system with a custom rectilinear lens that allows multi-second, nearly smear-free imaging (∼<1.5 pixel) at a ground pixel resolution of ∼83 m. With a ∼ 170 x 170 km ground swath, NIRAC acquires overlapping images at a 7-10 s cadence. Parallax considerations enable detection of both AGWs and instabilities in the airglow, and scenes can be analyzed for terrain and cloud height. NIRAC also has a short-exposure daytime mode for cloud and ground imagery. This study describes NIRAC and its operations on the ISS and presents imagery examples of Earth terrain and surface phenomenology (such as fires), cloud imagery at all Moon phases day and night, and the nighttime detection of AGWs and instabilities above 80 km altitude.
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