Acute Bisphenol-A exposure triggers superoxide-nitric oxide imbalance and immunocompetence impairment of Eisenia fetida earthworm

Bisphenol-A (BPA) is an endocrine-disrupting molecule associated with the risk of several non-transmissible chronic diseases. We postulated that BPA triggers oxidative alterations, altering immunocompetence and contributing to physiological dysfunction. To evaluate the effects of BPA on the oxidative and immune system, Californian earthworms were reared in a culture medium containing different BPA concentrations for 24 and 72 h. Coelomocytes were used to evaluate the effects of BPA on oxidative markers, cellular proliferation, and apoptosis, and immunocompetence effects were investigated by yeast-exposure assay and the modulation of genes related to immune response. Low BPA concentrations induced coelomocyte proliferation, imbalanced superoxide/NO levels, higher micronucleus frequency, and apoptosis. BPA also induced Amp1 gene overexpression and a low efficiency of dead yeast capture. The association between DNA damage and changes in innate immune metabolism could be related to the action of BPA, which is associated with the risk of physiological disturbances and non-transmissible chronic diseases.