Free space optical communication system: a review of practical constraints, applications, and challenges

FSO (free space optical) communication holds emanated position in the role of propitious innovation with exorbitant-speed using the data transmission mechanism without the wire, propounding an accomplishable explication to the surging need for bandwidth in communication networks. This research paper probes into the improvements and obstacles in FSO communication systems, pursuing to anticipate a compendious encapsulation of the state-of-the-art establishment in this discipline. The evaluation incorporates a meticulous inspection of vital constituents such as laser sources, modulators, and receivers, elucidating their contribution to accomplishing coherent data transfer. The scrutinizing also investigates innumerable atmospheric circumstances affecting FSO links, including weather conditions and turbulence, and puts forward ingenious approaches to alleviate their repercussion on communication performance. Furthermore, the paper explores the homogenization of ultra-modern signal processing techniques to amplify the credibility and robustness of FSO systems, corroborating seamless communication even in challenging environments. Moreover, the research inquiries into the neoteric experimental framework and real-world execution of FSO communication, shedding light on heuristic contemplation, and substantiating theoretical unearthing. The conclusion of this research shells out treasures perception of the ongoing attempt to optimize FSO communication for variegated applications, including, inter-satellite communication, high-speed internet access, and last-mile connectivity. As FSO perpetuates progress, this paper suffices as a recent and inclusive resource for researchers, engineers, and policymakers maneuvering the edges of optical communication technologies.