管理、生境和景观特征对中欧果园草地生物多样性的影响:简要回顾

Cornelia Sattler, Julian Schrader, Marie-Luise Hüttner, Klaus Henle
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摘要

农业集约化程度不断提高,再加上土地转型和破碎化,对生物多样性构成了重大威胁。虽然大面积耕种的地貌是防止生物多样性丧失的重要屏障,但它们也会因土地撂荒和集约化而改变。中欧的果园草地是传统的大面积土地管理系统,具有很高的生物多样性。果园草甸由栽培草地和零星果树组成,具有丰富的不同栖息地结构,支持着多样的动植物群。然而,近几十年来,果园草地的经济重要性不断下降,导致其严重退化或荒芜。尽管果园草甸对生物多样性保护具有重要意义,但目前仍没有关于中欧果园草甸生物多样性和管理的全面概述。本综述旨在总结果园草甸在生物多样性保护方面的现有知识,以及管理措施对较小尺度(结构和微生境,地方尺度)和较大尺度(周围景观,区域尺度)栖息地多样性和质量的影响。第一部分重点介绍果园草甸的生物多样性,包括植物和动物及其与景观尺度因素的联系。果园草甸的生物多样性主要受斑块大小和与邻近果园草甸的连通性的影响,斑块大小决定了物种的丰富度和组成,而连通性则影响物种迁移和重新定居的成功率。第二部分评估了管理的影响,说明了不同分类群中刈割与放牧的效益差异。果园草甸的中间管理强度决定了其在物种组成方面的保护价值,不同的分类群组之间存在差异。为防止果园草地面积减少和荒芜,我们主张给予政治和公共支持,并激励农民维护其生物多样性。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Effects of management, habitat and landscape characteristics on biodiversity of orchard meadows in Central Europe: A brief review
Increasing agricultural intensification, combined with land transformation and fragmentation, poses significant threats to biodiversity. While extensively cultivated landscapes serve as vital refuges against biodiversity loss, they are modified by land abandonment and intensification. Orchard meadows in Central Europe represent traditional extensive land management systems, exhibiting high biodiversity. Comprising cultivated grasslands and scattered fruit trees, orchard meadows feature structures rich in different habitats supporting a diverse flora and fauna. However, their decreasing economic importance in recent decades has resulted in severe degradation or abandonment. Despite their importance for biodiversity conservation, there remains no comprehensive overview of orchard meadow biodiversity and management in Central Europe. This review aims to summarize existing knowledge on orchard meadows’ role in biodiversity conservation and the effects of management practices on habitat diversity and quality at both smaller (structure and microhabitats, local scale) and larger scales (surrounding landscape, regional scale). The first part focuses on orchard meadow biodiversity, including both plants and animals and their link to landscape-scale factors. Biodiversity in orchard meadows is predominantly affected by patch size, determining species richness and composition, and connectivity to neighbouring orchard meadows, influencing species migration and recolonization success. The second part evaluates management impacts, illustrating differences in the benefits of mowing versus grazing across taxonomic groups. An intermediate management intensity for orchard meadows determines their conservation value in terms of species composition, varying among different taxonomic groups. To prevent area loss and abandonment of orchard meadows, we advocate for political and public support, along with incentives for farmers to maintain their biodiversity.
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