从社会学角度理解危机状态下流动社会中的人力资本

Dmitry Popov, Daria Shestakova
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摘要

自亚当-斯密时代以来,人力资本和人类发展对于理解经济学和社会关系的重要性已被反复证明。20 世纪 60 年代至 80 年代,人力资本和人类发展理论在美国以现代形式形成。然而,近几十年来,这些理论在科学文献中受到了严重的批评,主要原因是它们的测量方法存在问题。本文对现代社会科学中评估人力资本的主要方法进行了批判性修订。衡量人力资本和人类发展的新策略不仅包括 "量化 "指标(接受正规教育的年数),还包括显示所学知识和技能质量的指标。这种方法提供了在传统正规教育之外观察人力资本改善或退化情况的可能性,从而将人力资本视为当地社会、经济和历史发展进程的一部分。人力资本和人类发展的这种历史根源性对于处于危机状态的多变社会似乎至关重要。本文讨论了人力资本和人类发展概念社会学化的前景,以及生命历程社会学在分析这 些概念方面的潜力。建议从队列方法的角度来看待人力资本。讨论概述了在拟议逻辑下研究人力资本和人类发展的研究战略。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Towards a Sociological Understanding of Human Capital in a Fluid Society in a State of Crisis
The importance of human capital and human development for understanding economics and social relations has repeatedly been proven since the time of Adam Smith. Theories on human capital and human development were conceptualized in their modern form in the USA in the 1960’s to 1980’s. However, in recent decades they have been seriously criticized in scientific literature, primarily due to issues pertaining to how they approach measurement. In this article a critical revision of the main approaches towards evaluating human capital in modern social sciences is conducted. New strategies for measuring human capital and human development include not only a “quantitative” indicator (number of years spent receiving formal education), but also an indicator showing the quality of acquired knowledge and skills. Such approaches provide a possibility to observe the improvement or degradation of human capital outside of conventional formal education, which allows perceiving human capital as embedded in the processes of local social, economic and historical development. This historical rootedness of human capital and human development seems to be of utmost importance for fluid societies in a state of crisis. The prospects for sociologization of the concepts of human capital and human development as well as the potential of life-course sociology for their analysis are discussed. It is suggested to view human capital through a cohort approach lens. The discussion outlines research strategies for studying human capital and human development within the proposed logic.
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