Colligative properties of various liquid blends vs. Temperature under confined space effects in pores of different adsorbents

The temperature and interfacial behaviors of individual and mixed liquids are of importance from a practical point of view because changes in the phase state of compounds with decreasing temperature could lead to negative effects (e.g., frost damage of porous materials). However, the use of certain mixtures may prevent these negative effects due to the colligative properties of the solutions (cryscopic effects, CE) that lead to several effects including relative lowering of vapor pressure, boiling point elevation, and freezing point depression (FPD). Confined space effects (CSE) also leading to the freezing point depression can affect the colligative properties of liquid mixtures with respect to FPD. One could assume that for some systems with certain FPD due to CE for bulk solutions, there is no additivity (synergetic effect) of CSE and CE, but for others, the opposite results could be. To elucidate these interfacial phenomena, a set of liquid mixtures bound to different adsorbents could be studied using low-temperature NMR spectroscopy. The solutions included acids, bases, and salts as solutes, some liquids (e.g., dimethylsulfoxide, acetonitrile, n-decane) as co-sorbates and others (e.g., CDCl3, CCl4) as dispersion media. The adsorbents included various porous and highly disperse silicas, fumed alumina, carbons (activated carbons, graphene oxides), and porous polymers. So wide ranges of the systems studied could allow one a deeper insight into competitive or additive CSE and CE influencing the interfacial and temperature behaviors of bound liquids. The results of this analysis are of interest from both practical and theoretical points of view.