Genesis and accumulation mechanism of external gas in deep coal seams of the Baijiahai Uplift, Junggar Basin, China

Coal seams are typically self-sourced reservoirs. However, in certain special cases, the coal seams also contain large amounts of external gas from other source rocks. Successful development strategies in relation to Jurassic coalbed methane (CBM) in recent years have confirmed the presence of large amounts of external gas within the coal seams of the Baijiahai Uplift, Junggar Basin, China, which has important exploration and development prospects. However, the genesis and source of Jurassic CBM in the area remain unclear, limiting our understanding of its formation and accumulation as well as the planning of further development strategies. Based on a comprehensive analysis of the geochemical characteristics of Jurassic CBM, combined with research on the burial and thermal evolution history of the Jurassic coal seams, this study discusses the production curves of typical wells as well as regional tectonic styles, genesis, source, and accumulation of Jurassic CBM in the Baijiahai Uplift. Depending on the genesis, Jurassic CBM in the study area is divided mainly into coal-type (humic-type) gas, oil-type (sapropelic-type) gas, and mixtures of them, all of which are thermogenic gases of medium to high maturity. There are two main sources of Jurassic CBM in the Baijiahai Uplift. On the one hand, it comes from the vertical migration of gas generated by Permian and Carboniferous source rocks in the Baijiahai Uplift directly. On the other hand, it comes from the regional lateral migration from the Dongdaohaizi and Fukang Sags. Gas generated by source rocks in the Dongdaohaizi and Fukang Sags is driven by pressure, migrates towards the Baijiahai Uplift through sandstone channels, and accumulates in the Jurassic coal seams through faults. Compared with common self-sourced coal seams, enrichment of the coal seams with large amounts of external gases requires two necessary conditions: (1) Other layers of gas-generating source rocks are present at levels deeper than those of the coal seams, constituting additional gas sources for the coal seams, and (2) an open fault system is developed regionally, providing pathways for gas from other layers to enter the coal seams.